hyoscine butylbromide injection / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Parasympathetic neural regulation of immune tolerance in corneal allografts via inhibition of dendritic cell activation and T cell polarization (IMMUNOLOGY 2026) - "Parasympathetic innervation may play a critical role in terms of regulating corneal allograft survival by modulating APC activation, lymph node trafficking, and T-cell infiltration."

Ophthalmology • FOXP3 • ITGAX

Valethamate Bromide Versus Hyoscine Butyl Bromide in Reducing Labour Duration Among Primigravida (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=165 | Completed | Sponsor: Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki

New trial

Immune Regulatory Role of Parasympathetic Nervous System in Murine Corneal Allografts via Inhibition of Dendritic Cell Activation and T Cell Polarization. (PubMed, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci) - "Following keratoplasty, graft survival rate and opacity were assessed for 5 weeks with or without the administration of a 0.1 mL scopolamine injection...Additionally, reduced Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) generation and enhanced Th1/Th17 polarization in the draining LNs were found in the scopolamine-treated allograft. Parasympathetic innervation may play a critical role in regulating corneal allograft survival by modulating APC activation, reducing Foxp3+ Treg generation, and enhancing Th1/Th17 polarization."

Journal • Preclinical • Ophthalmology • Transplantation • FOXP3 • ITGAM • ITGAX

Exploring neuroprotective effects of Chuanzhitongluo capsule on an alzheimer's disease rat model. (PubMed, Metab Brain Dis) - "AD rat model was established via scopolamine injection, followed by the administration of CZTL at various dosages, and pharmacological effects were then systematically evaluated...These results suggest that CZTL effectively mitigates cognitive deficits and neuronal loss in AD by regulating nicotinamide and SIRT1, while inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. This study lies in their contribution to the development of novel anti-AD therapies derived from traditional Chinese medicine, paving the way for new approaches in managing neurodegenerative diseases."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Inflammation

Antidepressant efficacy and safety of scopolamine in individuals with bipolar disorder (SCOPE-BD): A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. (PubMed, J Affect Disord) - P2 | "This is the first study to examine the antidepressant effects of intravenous scopolamine in an exclusively bipolar disorder cohort. These findings suggest scopolamine is safe but does not demonstrate efficacy over placebo. The lack of significant effect highlights the need for further research examining the precise role of the muscarinic-cholinergic system. Trials of intravenous scopolamine in mood disorders should currently be targeted at recurrent depressive disorder."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Xerostomia

Scopolamine induced learning deficit in marmosets. (PubMed, Res Sq) - "Although the averaged data revealed no impact of acute or chronic scopolamine injections on learning, modeling the choice data with trial-level analysis revealed both age- and sex-specific deficits. The results demonstrate the value of home-cage testing combined with trial-level analysis to reveal subtle behavioral changes, such as those brought about by scopolamine."

Journal • Cognitive Disorders

Scopolamine induced learning deficit in marmosets. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "Although the averaged data revealed no impact of acute or chronic scopolamine injections on learning, modeling the choice data with trial-level analysis revealed both age- and sex-specific deficits. This deficit was hidden in session-averaged measures and only became evident in trial-level modeling of the choice data. Our findings demonstrate that cholinergic blockade impairs the dynamics of learning in marmosets and highlights the value of trial-level analysis for detecting nuanced pharmacological effects on primate cognition."

Journal • Cognitive Disorders

Protective role of fucoidan against cognitive deficits and redox imbalance in a scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease model in rats. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Fucoidan (15-60 mg/kg) or donepezil (1 mg/kg) was administered prior to behavioral tests over three consecutive weeks...A significant decrease in the mean Q2 time was observed during the probe trial in the water maze task after scopolamine injection on the test day...Biochemical analysis demonstrated a decline in protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde levels, along with an elevation in reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity in the fucoidan-treated rats (15-60 mg/kg). It is supposed that cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress are key contributors to cognitive deficits, and fucoidan may protect the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex by mitigating oxidative damage biomarkers."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders

Cholinergic Mechanisms of Attention in Aging (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1 | N=19 | Completed | Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center | Recruiting ➔ Completed | N=80 ➔ 19

Enrollment change • Trial completion

Comparison of the Therapeutic Effects of Rebamipide and Diquafosol on Apoptotic Damage of the Ocular Surface in Dry Eyes. (PubMed, Antioxidants (Basel)) - "DED was induced in vivo in C57BL/6 mice using subcutaneous scopolamine injection. Both treatments improved clinical outcomes in the murine dry eye model; however, REB showed superior efficacy in reducing ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, and in preserving corneal glycocalyx integrity and conjunctival goblet cell density. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential and protective effects of REB against oxidative stress-related damage and apoptosis in DED."

Journal • Dry Eye Disease • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • CASP3 • CD4 • IFNG

Methylphenidate and Modafinil Mitigate Scopolamine-Induced Behavioral Alterations. (PubMed, ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci) - "Scopolamine injections (SC. These findings highlight the potential of psychostimulants in treating dementia-related cognitive and motor deficits, suggesting their possible role in developing therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. However, the risks of long-term use, such as psychosis and addiction, should be carefully considered."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Psychiatry

FGF10 Protects the Corneal Epithelium From Dry Eye-Induced Oxidative and ER Stress Via Upregulation of SLC7A11. (PubMed, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci) - "DED mouse model was induced via scopolamine injections and low-humidity airflow to evaluate the therapeutic effects of FGF10...FGF10 protects mouse corneal epithelium and HCE-2 cells from oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis, partially through SLC7A11 upregulation. The FGF10-SLC7A11 pathway represents a promising therapeutic target in dry eye."

IO biomarker • Journal • Dry Eye Disease • Ophthalmology • BAX • BCL2 • FGF10 • SLC7A11

Anethole Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits and Neuronal Damage Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticholinesterase Activities in Rats. (PubMed, Neurochem Res) - "Anethole (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, i.g.) was administered one hour prior to scopolamine injection. Our findings demonstrate that anethole effectively reverses scopolamine-induced memory and cognitive impairments through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase mechanisms in rats. Therefore, anethole may be considered a promising therapeutic candidate for alleviating symptoms of AD and warrants further investigation in future studies."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Developmental Disorders • Inflammation • Pain

JANUS KINASE INHIBITOR CONFERS NEUROPROTECTION VIA MODULATING THE AMYLOIDOGENIC, NF-ΚB, AND NRF2 PATHWAYS AGAINST SCOPOLAMINE -INDUCED ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN RATS (ADPD 2025) - " The rats received 2 mg/kg of scopolamine through an intraperitoneal injection every day for 14 days, which was followed by administration of JKI at doses of 0.45, 0.9, and 1.8 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg of donepezil orally as per group allocation, for the following 28 days while still receiving daily scopolamine injections. The study suggests that JKI may exhibit senomorphic potential via modification of the transcription factor - NF-κB and senescence -associated secretory phenotype and thus, confers neuroprotection via modulation of NF -κB and Nrf2 signalling axis in Alzheimer 's disease."

Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • GFAP • IFNG • IL6 • SYP • TNFA

Cognitive And Neuroprotective Effects of Vernonia amygdalina in scopolamine-induced Memory impaired Rats. (PubMed, Niger J Physiol Sci) - "Groups 5, 6, and 7 received pretreatment with either VA 50 mg/kg, VA 100 mg/kg, or Donepezil, DP (1 mg/kg), and then in combination with SC (1 mg/kg)...Scopolamine injection caused significant decreases in superoxide dismutase and catalase levels and an increase in malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in group 4 compared with the control group...Histological studies revealed that VA was more potent in protecting the brain against SC-induced neurodegeneration and morphological alterations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Findings of this study suggest that VA attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits via inhibition of oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration and enhancement of cognition in the brains of rats."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • CAT

Multicentre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled four-arm trial to assess the effect of oral sodium bicarbonate and intravenous hyoscine butylbromide on spontaneous delivery after induction of labour in nulliparous women: protocol for the Safe Induction of Labour Trial (SAINT). (PubMed, BMJ Open) - P3 | "Clinical Trials: NCT05719467. EudraCT/EUCT: 2021-000392-37/2024-511848-55-00."

Clinical protocol • Journal • Obstetrics

The Effect of Picein on Inhibitory Avoidance Memory and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Hippocampus of Male Rats with Scopolamine-Induced Injury. (PubMed, Mol Neurobiol) - "Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomized into control group (no intervention), model group (intraperitoneal injection of 3-mg/kg scopolamine), and three interventional groups (1.5-, 2.5-, and 5-mg/kg intraventricular Picein, once a day for 7 days, 24 h after scopolamine injection). The 2.5-mg/kg Picein decreased MDA and increased SOD, GPX, and TAC, more than 5 mg/kg Picein, both different than scopolamine; only 2.5-mg/kg Picein had different CAT, compared to scopolamine group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, by lowering oxidative stress in the hippocampus, Picein was able to prevent the scopolamine-induced impaired learning and avoidance memory in rats."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • CAT

Bauhinia coccinea extract prevents memory loss induced by scopolamine through activation of antiapoptotic and antioxidant pathways in mice. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Cognitive impairment was induced via scopolamine (SCO) injection. Quantitative RNA sequencing showed involvement of lipid metabolism in EEBC memory function regulation. Thus, EEBC is a promising candidate for attenuating AD progression as it targets the cholinergic system and neuronal apoptosis."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Pain • CAT

Investigating the Mechanisms Involved in Scopolamine-induced Memory Degradation. (PubMed, Arch Razi Inst) - "Scopolamine injection increases dopamine by inhibiting M2/4 muscarinic autoreceptors. Therefore, different serotonin receptors have different roles in memory function, and the interaction between scopolamine and these receptors needs further study. It has been shown that histamine increases the secretion of acetylcholine in the hippocampus, and postsynaptic H1 and presynaptic H3 receptors play a major role in memory and learning; however, whether scopolamine can cause memory impairment through interaction with histamine receptors has been not reviewed."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Atg5-Mediated Lipophagy Induces Ferroptosis in Corneal Epithelial Cells in Dry Eye Disease. (PubMed, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci) - "DED models were established in C57BL/6 mice via scopolamine injection and in human corneal epithelial cell line (HCEC) using hyperosmotic medium...In the DED mouse model, Atg5 inhibition effectively ameliorated corneal damage, suppressed ferroptosis and ocular surface inflammation. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of Atg5-mediated lipophagy in driving ferroptosis in corneal epithelial cells in DED, proposing Atg5 as a promising therapeutic target for mitigating ferroptosis-induced cell damage and inflammation in DED."

Journal • Corneal Abrasion • Dry Eye Disease • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • ATG5

Comparison of Malondialdehyde, Acetylcholinesterase, and Apoptosis-Related Markers in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Cognitively Dysfunctional Mice Induced by Scopolamine. (PubMed, Biomedicines) - " The Morris water maze test was conducted between 1 and 3 h after scopolamine injection to assess its duration. In the hippocampus, BDNF showed a concentration-dependent decrease in expression. This study's findings indicate that chemical analyses for MDA and AChE can be performed in the cerebral cortex, while the hippocampus is better suited for protein analysis of apoptosis and BDNF."

Journal • Preclinical • Cognitive Disorders • Pain • BCL2L1 • BDNF

Ambroxol Improves Amyloidogenic, NF-κB, and Nrf2 Pathways in a Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. (PubMed, Drug Dev Res) - "The rats were given scopolamine at a dose of 2 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection daily for 14 days, followed by treatment (ABX 121.5, 135, and 180 mg/kg orally and 5 mg/kg orally of donepezil) for the next 28 days while continuing to receive daily scopolamine injection. The current research indicates that ambroxol may possess senomorphic properties by impacting the transcription factors NF-κB and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Consequently, it could provide neuroprotection through alterations in the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways in AD."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Oncology • GFAP • HMOX1 • IFNG • IL6 • SYP • TNFA

MRI of the female pelvis: summary of the recommendations of the ESUR female pelvic imaging working group (ESUR 2024) - "Clinical indications for MRI examination, minimal and optimal MRI acquisition protocols and standardized reporting focused on the following: (a) initial staging, recurrence and follow-up of uterine cervical cancer, (b) initial staging of vulvar cancer, (c) female genital tract congenital anomalies (FGTCAs), (d) initial staging of endometrial cancer, (e) uterine leiomyomas, (f) characterization of sonographically indeterminate adnexal mass, and (g) pelvic endometriosis are presented.Patient preparation for MRI of the female pelvis ■scheduling MRI according to the phases of menstrual cycle: NOT recommended ■clinical questions: should be asked before the exam (e.g., time of menstruation, clinical symptoms, hormonal medication, prior surgical procedures) ■fasting (4-6h) ■patient position: supine ■antiperistaltic agents: 20 mg butyl scopolamine im/iv or 1 mg of glucagon iv, unless contraindicated ■urinary bladder: moderately filled: patients should empty their bladder 1h..."

Cervical Cancer • Endometrial Cancer • Endometriosis • Fibrosis • Gynecologic Cancers • Gynecology • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Infertility • Leiomyosarcoma • Movement Disorders • Musculoskeletal Pain • Nephrology • Oncology • Ovarian Cancer • Pain • Peritoneal Cancer • Sarcoma • Sexual Disorders • Solid Tumor • Uterine Cancer • Uterine Corpus Leiomyosarcoma • Uterine Leiomyoma • Vulvar Cancer • Women's Health

Cholinergic Mechanisms of Attention in Aging (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1 | N=80 | Recruiting | Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center | Trial completion date: May 2024 ➔ May 2025 | Trial primary completion date: May 2024 ➔ May 2025

Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date

The Influence of an Acute Administration of Cannabidiol or Rivastigmine, Alone and in Combination, on Scopolamine-Provoked Memory Impairment in the Passive Avoidance Test in Mice. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "Interestingly, co-administration of CBD (1 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (0.5 mg/kg) also attenuated memory impairment provoked by scopolamine (1 mg/kg) injection in the PA test in mice, but at a much greater extent than administered alone. The combination therapy of these two compounds, CBD and rivastigmine, appears to be more beneficial than substances administered alone in reducing scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. This polytherapy seems to be favourable in the pharmacotherapy of various cognitive disorders, especially those in which cholinergic pathways are implicated."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Developmental Disorders