amphetamine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Serum Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Levels and Cooperativeness in Adolescents With Internet Gaming Disorder. (PubMed, Psychiatry Investig) - "The present findings suggest serum CART levels might serve as a neurobiological marker for cooperativeness function in adolescents with IGD."

Journal • Personality Disorder

Differential effects of amphetamine on ultrasonic vocalizations and locomotor activity in a rat model of endogenous depression. (PubMed, Sci Rep) - "Then, rats were repeatedly treated with four administrations of either amphetamine (AMPH) or morphine (MORPH), and 50-kHz calls were recorded. MORPH did not affect USVs or locomotion in either strain. The results highlight the benefits of 50-kHz calls as a complementary behavioral marker for assessing anhedonia in preclinical models of depression."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

The efficacy and safety of antidepressants as alternative treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric populations. (PubMed, Ment Health Clin) - "Beyond behavioral therapy approaches, methylphenidate and amphetamine stimulant agents are recommended as first-line pharmaceutical treatments for ADHD...Particular focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and bupropion was demonstrated in the literature. More research needs to be conducted to fully explore the effects and efficacy of antidepressants compared with first-line medications for ADHD. In addition, data supporting long-term effects and efficacy for antidepressants in ADHD are not yet established."

Journal • Review • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Pediatrics • Psychiatry

Receptor interaction profiles of 4-alkoxy-2,6-dimethoxyphenethylamines (Ψ derivatives) and related amphetamines. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "Moreover, the phenethylamine derivatives bound to the h5-HT1A (K i = 710-4,440 nM) and h5-HT2C (K i = 110-3,500 nM) receptors with moderate affinity, whereas the amphetamine derivatives showed weak h5-HT1A affinities (K i ≥ 5,100 nM) and comparably lower h5-HT2C receptor affinities (K i = 270-10,000 nM)...The Ψ derivatives mainly interacted with the 5-HT2A receptor, the primary target for psychedelics, as well as with the 5-HT2C receptor. The same 4-alkyloxy modification pattern on the related 2,4,5-trisubstituted derivatives exhibited generally slightly more potent 5-HT2A receptor binding and activation, whereas 3,4,5-trisubstituted derivatives interacted with lower potency; in humans, 2,4,6-trisubstituted derivatives may thus be less potent compared to their 2,4,5-trisubsititued counterparts but more potent compared to their 3,4,5-trisubsititued counterparts."

Journal

Amphetamine in adolescence induces a sex-specific mesolimbic dopamine phenotype in the adult prefrontal cortex. (PubMed, Commun Biol) - "However, only in males, amphetamine increases PFC dopamine transporter expression in adulthood (PND 101 ± 15): leading to aberrant baseline dopamine transients, faster dopamine release, and exaggerated responses to acute methylphenidate. Upregulation of DCC in adolescence, using CRISPRa, prevents all these changes. Mesolimbic dopamine axons rerouted to the PFC in adolescence retain anatomical and functional phenotypes of their intended target, rendering males enduringly vulnerable to the harmful effects of drugs of abuse."

Journal • Psychiatry • NTN1

Bioinformatics identification of key genes and therapeutic targets for exercise intervention in polycystic ovary syndrome. (PubMed, Front Genet) - "The review identified eight potential effective components were screened out, including irisin, 5α-reductase, kisspeptin, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript, nerve growth factor, nerve peptide Y, insulin-like growth factor-1, and interleukin-6. A total of 192 target genes for exercise-related components and PCOS were identified, including the hub genes TNF, IL6, IL1B, JUN, CCND1, and PSMA7. The hub genes identified in this review indicate that exercise therapy in PCOS may affect the protease system, renin-angiotensin system, inflammatory signal transduction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and other pathways through the G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, neuropeptide signaling pathway, endocrine process, and other biological processes and regulate apoptosis, cell cycle, and intercellular communication."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome • CCND1 • IGF1 • IL1B • IL6

Global burden and inequalities of drug use disorders from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2036. (PubMed, J Glob Health) - "Inequalities have intensified for opioid and amphetamine use disorders, whereas those related to cannabis use disorders have declined...Over the past three decades, the burden of DUDs has increased markedly, accompanied by wide disparities. Addressing these challenges requires strengthened surveillance, context-specific interventions, and cross-country learning."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Substance Abuse

Epigenetic editing of Cartpt promotes acquisition and extinction of cocaine memory. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "We found that 2 weeks of abstinence increased Cartpt (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) in the mouse nucleus accumbens and decreased repressive H3K27me3 at the Cartpt locus...Enriching H3K27me3 in D1 neurons repressed Cartpt expression and augmented acquisition and extinction of cocaine preference. These results show that CRISPR epigenetic editing can recapitulate endogenous chromatin states to modulate addiction-related behavior, highlighting broad therapeutic potential of both Cartpt and epigenetic editing."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Psychiatry

Elevated synaptic PKA activity and abnormal striatal dopamine signaling in Akap11 mutant mice, a genetic model of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "Behaviorally, Akap11 mutant mice show abnormally prolonged locomotor response to amphetamine, deficits in associative learning and contextual discrimination, as well as depression-like behaviors. Our study connects molecular changes to circuit dysfunction and behavioral disturbance in a genetically valid animal model of psychotic disorder."

Journal • Preclinical • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Characteristics of Youth With Recent Substance Use With and Without Substance Use Disorder Presenting for Primary Mental Healthcare in Australia: Baseline Findings From the INTEGRATE Trial. (PubMed, Early Interv Psychiatry) - P | "Findings highlight the need for early identification and integrated care models within youth mental health services to address the high prevalence and impact of substance use, potentially reducing adverse effects of co-occurring SUD and mental illness on youth development and functioning."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry

Patterns and Determinants of Polystimulant Use Among Patients Seeking Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders. (PubMed, Subst Use Misuse) - "The odds of concurrent use were higher among patients aged 25-34 years, the more educated, who sought treatment for (meth)amphetamine disorders, who injected, with psychiatric disorders, and patients who used hallucinogens during the past 30 d...Our study suggests that polystimulant use varies by demographic factors and mostly occurs at later ages. Clinical strategies should target patients of younger age, with higher educational level, and should integrate mental health interventions as needed for those who were early initiators."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

(-)-OSU6162 reduces freezing elicited by context-conditioned fear in rats. (PubMed, J Psychopharmacol) - "(-)-OSU6162 reduces the expression of context-conditioned fear displayed as freezing by a mechanism involving D2 but not 5-HT2A or sigma-1 receptors."

Journal • Preclinical

Elevated synaptic PKA activity and abnormal striatal dopamine signaling in Akap11 mutant mice, a genetic model of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (PubMed, Nat Commun) - "Behaviorally, Akap11 mutant mice show abnormally prolonged locomotor response to amphetamine, deficits in associative learning and contextual discrimination, as well as depression-like behaviors. Our study connects molecular changes to circuit dysfunction and behavioral disturbance in a genetically valid animal model of psychotic disorder."

Journal • Preclinical • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mental Retardation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Schizophrenia

Analysis of the Prevalence of Alcohol and Psychoactive Substances Among Drivers in the Material from the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Bialystok in Poland. (PubMed, Toxics) - "Among the total positive cases, psychoactive substances used alone or in combination included THC-46.3% (range 0.2-20 ng/mL), alcohol-26.8% (range 0.1-4.1‱), amphetamines-20.7% (range 15-2997 ng/mL), opiates-4.3% (morphine 66.0 ng/mL; methadone 174.0 ng/mL; ranges: tramadol 15.0-600.0 ng/mL; fentanyl 45.0-100.0 ng/mL), benzodiazepines-9.8% (ranges: diazepam 55.0-480.0 ng/mL; midazolam 17.0-1200.0 ng/mL; clonazepam 21.0-36.0 ng/mL), stimulants-6.10% (ranges: amphetamine 15.0-2997.0 ng/mL; cocaine 4.0-30.0 ng/mL; benzoylecgonine 38.0-602.0 ng/mL; PMMA 45.0-360.0 ng/mL; MDMA 20.0-75.0 ng/mL; mephedrone 37.5 ng/mL; alfa-PVP 120 ng/mL), psychotropic drugs-3.1% (carbamazepine 8.0-2100.0 ng/mL; zolpidem 233.0 ng/mL; citalopram 320.0 ng/mL; opipramol 220 ng/mL). Among the psychoactive substances most frequently used alone or in combination with others, THC was predominant. Roadside testing, based on effects similar to alcohol intoxication, was mainly conducted on male drivers."

Journal

From Euphoria to Cardiac Stress: Role of Oxidative Stress on the Cardiotoxicity of Methylone and 3,4-DMMC. (PubMed, Toxics) - "Synthetic cathinones (SCs), commonly referred to as "bath salts", are a class of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) that elicit amphetamine-like effects and severe cardiovascular outcomes, including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death...Intracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were quantified by fluorescence, and antioxidant effects were evaluated using ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and Trolox...Taken together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that methylone and 3,4-DMMC exert cardiotoxic effects in vitro, with oxidative stress as a key contributor. The protective effect of ascorbic acid highlights its potential as a therapeutic candidate against SC-induced cardiac injury."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Myocardial Infarction

ADHD Medications and Preadolescent Brain Structure: Patterns of Cortical Attenuation from the ABCD Study. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "Stimulants-including amphetamine-based (AMP) and methylphenidate-based (MPH) medications-act primarily on dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, while nonstimulants (NS) more selectively target noradrenergic pathways. NS medications showed a similar, albeit weaker, effect pattern. Notably, AMP and/or MPH use was associated with significant effects in the right entorhinal cortex and the right banks of the superior temporal sulcus, potentially reflecting overcompensatory effects, as well as in the left posterior cingulate, possibly indicating de novo medication-related differences."

Journal • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Psychiatry

Proteomic Characterization of Striatal Neurabin Interactome and its Sex Specific Impact on Motor Behavior. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "While prior work has demonstrated the global and cell type-specific impact of the PP1 targeting protein, spinophilin, on striatal motor behaviors like the accelerating rotarod task and amphetamine sensitization, the role of its homologue, neurabin, is yet to be elucidated...Interestingly, using novel conditional neurabin knockout mouse lines, we found that loss of neurabin in dMSNs, but not iMSNs, enhanced performance on the accelerating rotarod task and that these effects were specific for male mice. These data highlight neurabin's particular importance to the striatal glutamatergic synapse and uncover a sex and cell type specific role for this synaptic protein in uniquely limiting skill motor learning but not psychomotor sensitization."

Journal • TNS1

Parkinsonian striatal acetylcholine dynamics are refractory to L-DOPA treatment. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "We used fiber photometry to record fluorescent DA and ACh sensors in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) of normal mice treated with vehicle or amphetamine and in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of mice with unilateral substantia nigra (SNc) DA neuron lesions (using 6-OHDA) subjected to an L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) protocol...Dopamine depletion transforms striatal ACh dynamics and L-DOPA fails to normalize these dynamics. Because these dynamics are unresponsive to treatment, new therapies targeting them may offer symptomatic improvements for PD and LID."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

The Small Molecule DDOX Confers Neuroprotection and Alleviates Motor Deficits in a Preclinical Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. (PubMed, Neurotox Res) - "In this study, we investigated the efficacy of DDOX (4-dedimethylamino 12a-deoxydoxycycline), a novel non-antibiotic tetracycline derivative...Additionally, DDOX significantly diminished amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry, suggesting preservation of dopaminergic tone. Notably, the extent of functional recovery exceeded the degree of TH-immunoreactive nerve terminal preservation, indicating that DDOX's benefits may extend beyond dopaminergic neuroprotection. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects and confirm DDOX's efficacy in other Parkinson's disease models."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Inflammation • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Drugs induced Raynaud's phenomenon and underlying mechanism: a disproportionality analysis from the WHO pharmacovigilance database. (PubMed, Arthritis Rheumatol) - "This study allowed us to identify robust safety signals (such as solriamfetol, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and CGRP inhibitors) for drugs associated with RP and potential implicated pathophysiological mechanisms."

Adverse events • Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Migraine • Oncology • Pain • Rheumatology

Gpr160 Deletion Alters Food Intake and Meal Patterning in Mice. (PubMed, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab) - "Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide inhibits food and water intake in rodents and there is evidence that the peptide interacts with the previously orphaned G protein-coupled receptor GPR160...On the other hand, food intake following an acute stress is altered. We conclude that in mice activation of GPR160 is not essential for unstimulated food and water ingestion, but that loss of receptor expression is sufficient to change the patterning of ingestive behavior."

Journal • Preclinical • Pain • GPR160

50-kHz vocalization subtypes emitted by male rats anticipating a sexual partner: lack of effect of amphetamine withdrawal. (PubMed, Behav Brain Res) - "Our findings support the notion that subtypes other than the predominantly studied "flat" and "trill" can potentially serve as markers of affect. In particular, split and composite calls may provide novel translationally relevant measures of anticipatory anhedonia, but they need to be evaluated in other rat models of depression."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Psychiatry

Novel dopamine D4 receptor ligands differentially shape psychostimulant-induced risky choice preference without altering baseline decision making in rodents (Neuroscience 2025) - "PDT performance was also tested following co-administration of each ligand (10 mg/kg) with amphetamine (AMPH; 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)...The full antagonist and low-efficacy partial agonist broadly reversed AMPH-induced risky choice preference and reduced sensitivity to losses, while combination with the high efficacy partial agonist disrupted stable value representation when reward probability was high. Results highlight D4R contributions to risk/reward processing under conditions of elevated PFC catecholaminergic tone and their potential as therapeutic targets for disorders involving executive dysfunction and maladaptive risk-taking."

Late-breaking abstract • Preclinical • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Psychiatry • Vascular Neurology • ADRB2

Optical measurement of tonic and phasic dopamine fluctuations in mouse prelimbic cortex: inter-laboratory reproducibility (Neuroscience 2025) - "We first tested mice in a 45-min open field session concurrent with FP, administering an i.p. injection of either the dopamine releaser amphetamine (0 or 1 mg/kg; within-subjects) or the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist R05256390 (0 or 1 mg/kg; within-subjects) after 20 min...gDA3h therefore reliably captures fluctuations in tonic and phasic dopamine signaling in mouse PL-mPFC. Experiments utilizing this sensor to measure frontal dopamine dynamics during risky decision-making in a mouse model of mania are currently underway."

Late-breaking abstract • Preclinical • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders

Episodic organization of activity during amphetamine withdrawal: Effects of antidepressant (Neuroscience 2025) - "Escitalopram given 15 minutes after amphetamine normalized bout organization during acute withdrawal. Our findings suggest that antidepressants may partially reverse acute psychostimulant withdrawal ("crash") by restoring the typical activity pattern and that psychostimulant withdrawal and depression may share similar neural mechanisms."

CNS Disorders • Depression • Psychiatry