hyodeoxycholic acid (AHRO-001) / AtheroNova - LARVOL DELTA

Synthesis and Biological Activity of New Brassinosteroid Analogs of Type 24-Nor-5β-Cholane and 23-Benzoate Function in the Side Chain. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "The synthesis was accomplished with high reaction yields in a four-step synthesis route and using hyodeoxycholic acid as starting material...Therefore, a simple synthetic procedure with high reaction yields that use a very accessible starting material provides brassinosteroid synthetic analogs with promising effects on plant growth. This exploratory study suggests that brassinosteroid analogs with similar chemical structures could be a good alternative to natural brassinosteroids."

Journal

Synthesis and biological activity of cyclopropyl Δ7-dafachronic acids as DAF-12 receptor ligands. (PubMed, Org Biomol Chem) - "The four cyclopropyl stereoisomers of Δ7-dafachronic acids were prepared from the bile acid hyodeoxycholic acid and employed as chemical tools to exploit the importance of the orientation and spatial disposition of the carboxyl tail and the C25-methyl group for the binding at the DAF-12 receptor...Results showed a significant loss of potency and efficacy for all the four stereoisomers when compared to the parent endogenous ligand. Computational analysis has evidenced the configurational and conformational arrangement of both the carboxylic and the C25-methyl group of dafachronic acids as key structural determinants for DAF-12 binding and activation."

Journal

Soyasaponin A Alleviates Steatohepatitis Possibly through Regulating Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota in the Methionine and Choline Deficient (MCD) Diet-induced Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Mice. (PubMed, Mol Nutr Food Res) - "SS-A alleviates steatohepatitis possibly through regulating BAs and gut microbiota in the MCD diet-induced NASH mice."

Journal • Preclinical • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Untargeted metabolomics for uncovering plasma biological markers of wet age-related macular degeneration. (PubMed, Aging (Albany NY)) - "Hyodeoxycholic acid and O-phosphorylethanolamine inhibited the tube formation and migration in HRECs. The results suggested that differential metabolites have certain effects on wAMD pathogenesis-related HRPECs and HRECs."

Journal • Age-related Macular Degeneration • Complement-mediated Rare Disorders • Macular Degeneration • Ophthalmology • Retinal Disorders • Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration • HTRA1

Isomaltulose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity, and Modulates Gut Microbiota, the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Secondary Bile Acids in Rats. (PubMed, Molecules) - "Targeted metabolomics demonstrated that isomaltulose supplementation enhanced cholic acid concentration, and reduced levels of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid. Moreover, the concentrations of propionate and butyrate were elevated in the rats administered with isomaltulose. This work suggests that isomaltulose modulates gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs and secondary bile acids in rats, which provides a scientific basis on the use of isomaltulose as a prebiotic."

Journal • Preclinical

Hyocholic acid and glycemic regulation: comments on 'Hyocholic acid species improve glucose homeostasis through a distinct TGR5 and FXR signaling mechanism'. (PubMed, J Mol Cell Biol) - "Hyocholic acid species (HCA, hyodeoxycholic acid, and their glycine and taurine conjugated forms) comprise 80% of the composition of pig bile (Haslewood, 1956)...Although bile acids (BAs) are mostly associated with their aid in food digestion, they have also been shown to act as signaling molecules by binding to two particular receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G-protein-coupled receptor, TGR5. Experiments were thus directed to the effect of HCA binding to these two BA receptors on glycemic regulation in both in vivo and in vitro models."

Journal • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders

Astaxanthin attenuates d-galactose-induced brain aging in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and regulating metabolic markers. (PubMed, Food Funct) - "Moreover, AX reduced the levels of both hyodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid though the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway, resulting in improved brain mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, AX likely enhances the brain's antioxidant defenses through these potential metabolic means, enabling the brain to resist mitochondrial dysfunction, improve neuronal damage, and protect the electron transmission of mitochondrial respiratory chain, thus preventing brain aging."

Journal • Preclinical • Metabolic Disorders • CAT

Time-series metabolomics insights into the progressive characteristics of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-induced cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice. (PubMed, J Pharm Biomed Anal) - "Among these, taurocholic acid, tauromuricholic acid, LysoPE (20:2), sulfoglycolithocholic acid, and taurohyodeoxycholic acid were associated with the progression of the hepatocyte injury index, alanine aminotransferase...Moreover, the differential metabolites that were related to hepatocyte injury and liver fibrosis were further validated in DDC-induced mice at weeks 4 and 8. Overall, this work provides data on differential metabolites for the progressive pathology of CLF."

Journal • Cholestasis • Fibrosis • Hepatology • Immunology • Liver Cirrhosis • Liver Failure

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystibane-2-O-β-D-glucoside induces liver injury by disrupting bile acid homeostasis and phospholipids efflux (PubMed, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi) - "Elevated free bile acid levels were observed in TSG-treated groups, including β-muricholic acid(β-MCA), ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid(HDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA), deoxcholic acid(DCA) in serum and β-MCA, CDCA in liver. In vitro results showed that the IC_(50) of TSG on HepG2 cells was about 1 500 μmol·L~(-1) and TSG at 500 μmol·L~(-1)(for 24 h) could destroy the distribution of MDR2 on the bile duct membrane of liver. In conclusion, TSG induced liver injury by disrupting bile acid homeostasis and phospholipids efflux."

Journal • Atherosclerosis • Cardiovascular • Dyslipidemia • Hepatology • Liver Failure

NASH-related increases in plasma bile acid levels depend on insulin resistance. (PubMed, JHEP Rep) - P=N/A | "Plasma bile acids have been proposed as NASH biomarkers. Herein, we found that plasma bile acids are only elevated in patients with NASH when significant insulin resistance is present, limiting their utility as NASH markers."

Journal • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Hepatology • Metabolic Disorders • Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease • Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Hyocholic acid species improve glucose homeostasis through a distinct TGR5 and FXR signaling mechanism. (PubMed, Cell Metab) - "We verified the findings in TGR5 knockout, intestinal FXR activation, and GLP-1 receptor inhibition mouse models. Finally, we confirmed in a clinical cohort, that lower serum concentrations of HCA species were associated with diabetes and closely related to glycemic markers."

Journal • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus