piracetam / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Effects of Gelatin Hydrolysate from Bigeye Snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) Skin in Mitigating Oxidative Stress in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rats. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Male Wistar rats underwent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion to induce CCH and were randomly divided into five groups: (1) sham, (2) 2-vessel occlusion (2VO), (3) 2VO + 250 mg/kg GH, (4) 2VO + 500 mg/kg GH, and (5) 2VO + piracetam...Additionally, GH treatment ameliorated Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and improved synaptic function. Overall, GH exerted neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-related neuronal damage and enhanced neuroplasticity, learning, and memory in rats with CCH-induced cognitive impairment."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • Dementia • Vascular Neurology • BCL2 • CASP3 • NOX4

Repurposing of piracetam to alleviate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Targeting TLR2/MyD88/AP-1/NF-κB and VEGF/eNOS signaling pathways. (PubMed, Toxicol Mech Methods) - "Interestingly, findings detected reducing the cardioprotective impact of PIRA on concurrent pretreatment with L-NAME, indicating the crucial role of eNOS in modulating this protection. This study revealed that PIRA ameliorated the DOXO-evoked cardiotoxicity via modulation of TLR2/MyD88/AP-1/NF-κB as well as VEGF/eNOS signaling cascades."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Cardiovascular • Oncology • CASP3 • MYD88 • NOS3 • TLR2

Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Events in Patients Receiving Levetiracetam for Seizure Prophylaxis Following Traumatic Brain Injury. (PubMed, J Pharm Technol) - "Background: Levetiracetam is a soluble ethyl analogue of the nootropic agent piracetam that is utilized primarily for epilepsy treatment. Studies have shown levetiracetam has preferred pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared to phenytoin, however, limited data exist regarding neuropsychiatric side effects...There were 14 patients (25.5%) with a history of psychiatric disorders, and just 1 of those patients experienced a neuropsychiatric event while receiving levetiracetam. Levetiracetam is a well-tolerated antiepileptic agent for patients requiring seizure prophylaxis post TBI and did not demonstrate a significant incidence of neuropsychiatric events in this evaluation."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Critical care • Epilepsy • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Vascular Neurology

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Evaluation of Piracetam Tablet: A Randomized, Single-Dose, Two-Period, Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Participants Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. (PubMed, Drugs R D) - "The test piracetam tablet was demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the reference formulation with respect to the rate and extent of absorption under both fasting and fed conditions in healthy Chinese participants. The comparable safety and tolerability profiles support the clinical interchangeability of the generic and reference piracetam formulations."

Journal • PK/PD data • Alzheimer's Disease • Cognitive Disorders

Neuropsychiatric Events With Levetiracetam for Seizure Prophylaxis Following Traumatic Brain Injury (SCCM 2026) - "Introduction: Levetiracetam (LEV) is a soluble ethyl analogue of the nootropic agent piracetam that is utilized primarily for epilepsy treatment. Levetiracetam is a well-tolerated antiepileptic agent for patients requiring seizure prophylaxis post-TBI. This study did not reveal a significant amount of neuropsychiatric effects associated with LEV, however; additional research is needed to quantify the incidence of this known adverse effect with other risk factors and confounding variables."

CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry • Vascular Neurology

Marked Improvement in Treatment-Intolerant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in an Adolescent Using a Glutamatergic Regimen With Dextromethorphan, Piracetam, and Goldenseal Root. (PubMed, Cureus) - "A 16-year-old boy with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), characterized by health-focused obsessions, intrusive ruminations, derealization, and significant functional impairment, failed to tolerate standard serotonergic agents (escitalopram, fluoxetine) and bupropion due to worsening anxiety, somatic concerns, or headaches. An oral glutamatergic regimen was initiated with dextromethorphan 30 mg/day for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism, piracetam 1,200 mg/day for AMPA modulation, and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) root extract 600 mg/day as a botanical CYP2D6 inhibitor to prolong dextromethorphan exposure, alongside low-dose pregabalin, risperidone, and aripiprazole for ancillary support...These benefits lasted for two months, and there were no negative effects from goldenseal. This case indicates that a cost-effective, entirely oral amalgamation of a prevalent cough suppressant, a nootropic, and a botanical supplement may yield ketamine-like..."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Cough • Mood Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Pain • Psychiatry • Respiratory Diseases

Transient Mood Elevation Without a Manic Switch: Goldenseal-Augmented Oral Glutamatergic Regimen in Bipolar Depression With Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). (PubMed, Cureus) - "In this report, we followed a 32-year-old man whose low mood and health-related ruminations lingered despite mood stabilisers (valproate, low-dose aripiprazole, pregabalin, and Deanxit). Hoping to copy some of ketamine's brain-circuit effects, he tried an over-the-counter mix of dextromethorphan, piracetam, and L-glutamine; the result was modest at best. Ten days after he added 600 mg of the herbal CYP2D6 inhibitor goldenseal, thought to slow the breakdown of dextromethorphan, he reported a clear lift in energy, mood, and work performance, with no signs of hypomania; the improvement faded when he stopped the herb and returned when he restarted it, and he had no side effects. Although this single experience cannot show cause and effect, it hints that short courses of a well-standardised botanical CYP2D6 inhibitor might prolong the benefit some patients get from oral dextromethorphan-based combinations, an idea that would need careful study, including drug-level..."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Mood Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Psychiatry

Glutamatergic Enhancement Using As-Needed Dextromethorphan and Piracetam in a Stimulant-Partially Responsive Adult With ADHD: A Single-Case Report. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Emerging evidence points to disrupted dopamine-glutamate coupling and insufficient synaptic pruning as contributors to these persistent deficits, suggesting a potential role for glutamatergic modulation inspired by ketamine's rapid neuroplastic effects. This report describes a 25-year-old man with childhood-onset ADHD who, despite trials of high-dose methylphenidate (up to 72 mg) and lisdexamfetamine (up to 80 mg), continued to report daytime lethargy, mental sluggishness, irritability, and oversleeping while on moderate-dose extended-release methylphenidate (Concerta 36-54 mg daily)...This single-case observation suggests that low-dose dextromethorphan, through brief N-methyl-D-aspartate modulation, combined with piracetam's α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) potentiation, may enhance methylphenidate's modest glutamate release, potentially promoting an AMPA-favorable plasticity state that could help mitigate pruning-related..."

Journal • ADHD (Impulsive Aggression) • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • CNS Disorders • Fatigue • Psychiatry

Effects of tea polyphenols on brain structure and function of hippocampus in aged type 2 diabetes mellitus rats with anxiety and depression-like behavior. (PubMed, Brain Res) - "TP intervention mitigated alterations in brain structure and function as well as anxiety and depression-like behaviors in aged T2DM rats."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Depression • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Solid Tumor • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • BDNF • IL1B • IL6 • TNFA

Subacute ivermectin-induced affective dysregulation: Evidence for hippocampal microglial and astrocytic activation. (PubMed, Res Vet Sci) - "Assay validation employed diazepam (1 and 3 mg/kg; i.p.), desipramine (30 mg/kg; i.p.), and piracetam (200 mg/kg; i.p.), administered according to their respective protocols. Collectively, our data indicate that subacute, high-dose IVR provokes affective behavioural alterations coupled to hippocampal neuroinflammation, while sparing gross motor function and measurable cognitive performance under the present conditions. These findings underscore caution when administering IVR at elevated doses or in settings that compromise BBB integrity and warrant further mechanistic and time-resolved investigation."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Inflammation • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • ABCB1 • GFAP

Greenness Evaluation of Piracetam Detection Through Spectrofluorimetric Method With Shilajit-Derived Metal Oxide Nanosensors. (PubMed, Int J Anal Chem) - "Medium precision was used to ensure that the method meets stringent precision standards. In addition, the environmentally friendly approach of using Shilajit extract for the sustainable synthesis of metal oxides reduces the impact on the environment while maintaining excellent analytical performance, as confirmed by an environmental impact assessment."

Journal

COGNITIVE IMPROVEMENT AND HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF/GFAP ALTERATIONS BY SCHINUS MOLLE ESSENTIAL OIL IN A RAT MODEL OF SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED AMNESIA. (PubMed, J Ethnopharmacol) - "These findings provide preclinical evidence consistent with an ethnopharmacological rationale for SMEO and support further translational work to clarify its relevance beyond this experimental paradigm."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • BDNF • CA3 • GFAP

Evaluation of clinically approved neuroprotective drugs as adjunct therapies in experimental cerebral malaria. (PubMed, Arch Microbiol) - "topiramate, rasagiline, vinpocetine, cilostazol, piracetam, and rivastigmine were tested for both antimalarial and anti-cerebral malaria activity. Overall, these results suggest that combining rivastigmine with α/β-arteether may represent a practical and low-cost adjunct therapy for CM. Further mechanistic and clinical studies will be essential to confirm these findings and assess long-term outcomes."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Malaria

Case Report: Low cardiac output syndrome with multisystem complications following total repair of tetralogy of fallot. (PubMed, Front Pediatr) - "JET was managed with amiodarone, ivabradine, magnesium, and targeted temperature control...Neuroprotective therapy included piracetam and mannitol...Early recognition and multidisciplinary intervention are essential. This case highlights the potential reversibility of cortical blindness and the importance of comprehensive postoperative surveillance."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Hematological Disorders • Hypotension • Ophthalmology • Pediatrics • Thrombosis

Discovery and Characterization of Novel Spirotriazoloquinazolines as Potential Neuroprotectors: Synthesis, Computational Screening, and Preliminary In Vivo Evaluation. (PubMed, J Neurochem) - "The experiments showed that compounds 25, 26, and 32 attenuated ketamine-induced behavioral alterations, demonstrating effects in anxiety reduction and cognitive performance that appeared numerically greater than piracetam and fabomotizole, though the magnitude and statistical robustness of these differences require further characterization. These findings suggest that spirotriazoloquinazolines may function as positive modulators at cognitive-enhancing receptors, potentially exerting neuroprotective effects through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Further investigation is necessary to validate the observed effects, establish dose-response relationships, and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the apparent neuroprotective properties of these compounds."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • Cognitive Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • BCL2 • CASP1 • HIF1A • IL1B

Use of nootropics in Alzheimer's disease: An analysis of regulatory positions and drug policies in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. (PubMed, Int J Risk Saf Med) - "We compared the results of Russia with other countries regulatory and policy positions.ResultsE-Library searches identified 11 nootropicspiracetam, citicoline, idebenone, vinpocetine, choline alfoscerate, Cerebrolysin®, Kortexin®, ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, glycine, nicergoline, nimodipine. Eight nootropic have registration for use in all CIS countries (excluding idebenone, nimodipine), four (piracetam, nimodipine, nicergoline, idebenone) - in UK, nimodipine - in the USA, and idebenone - in EU...None is included on the WHO Model EML and the National EML of Kyrgyzstan, Only CPG of the RF recommend using two nootropics as adjuvant therapy of Alzheimer's disease, Cerebrolysin® and choline alfoscerate. CPG of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the USA do not mention nootropics as potential treatment options for Alzheimer's disease."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia

Metachronous Cardio-Cerebral Infarction: A Rehabilitation Conundrum in Dual Pathology Recovery. (PubMed, Am J Phys Med Rehabil) - "A combined inpatient stroke-cardiac rehabilitation approach was implemented, incorporating attention process training, speech-language therapy, transcranial direct current stimulation, pharmacological neuromodulation with piracetam, and tailored aerobic reconditioning...This case illustrates the feasibility and necessity of an integrated, interdisciplinary rehabilitation model in cardio-cerebral infarction. Further research is required to develop structured rehabilitation protocols for this rare but complex condition."

Journal • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Ischemic stroke • Myocardial Infarction

Modulatory Potential of Alpinetin on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Mitochondrial Dynamics in a Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Ischemic Stroke. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham operation, Rt.MCAO + vehicle, Rt.MCAO + piracetam (250 mg/kg BW), and Rt.MCAO + alpinetin (100 mg/kg BW)...It also attenuated p38 MAPK activation and preserved mitochondrial integrity by mitigating the decline in Mfn2 levels. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of alpinetin in targeting multiple pathological processes involved in ischemic brain injury, supporting its promise as an effective treatment for stroke."

IO biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • B Cell Lymphoma • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Inflammation • Ischemic stroke • Lymphoma • Metabolic Disorders • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology • Vascular Neurology • BAX • BCL2L1 • CASP3 • GFAP • MFN2 • MPO • SOD2

Piracetam for Risperidone-associated Hypersalivation: A Novel Treatment Approach in an Adolescent Case. (PubMed, J Clin Psychopharmacol) - No abstract available

Journal

Targeting NMDA receptors in pain management: therapeutic innovations through piracetam repurposing. (PubMed, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol) - "This review shed light on the analgesic potential of piracetam and its derivatives, the role of NMDA receptors in pain mechanisms, and the development of novel, safer NMDA-targeting drugs that can overcome the limitations of existing therapies. It does, however, recognize receptor diversity and desensitization and warrants further detailed investigations for managing chronic pain."

Journal • Review • Pain

Development and validation of UPLC-MS/MS method for detecting nootropic misuse in oral fluids: A step towards combating doping in Esports. (PubMed, Anal Chim Acta) - "This study establishes a robust and practical analytical method utilising oral fluid for the detection of nootropics relevant to doping control in Esports. The approach enables rapid, non-invasive sample collection and reliable quantification, offering the potential for routine pre-game and in-competition monitoring. While the method is validated, further investigation is warranted to define drug excretion profiles and detection windows in oral fluid under real-use conditions."

Journal

Development of sustained release injectable phospholipid-based phase transition gel matrixed with Piracetam and cannabidiol loaded nanoemulsion for amelioration of Alzheimer's therapy. (PubMed, Drug Deliv Transl Res) - "In vitro studies revealed sustained release of 90.538 ± 2.62% PIRA and 87.202 ± 2.16% CBD over 96 h, compared to rapid release from the drug solution. This study introduces a novel phospholipid-based phase-transition gel depot incorporating PIRA-CBD nanoemulsion, which provides sustained, targeted brain delivery to enhance therapeutic efficacy and improve patient compliance in Alzheimer's disease management."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Inflammation

Prospects for nasal delivery of a pharmacologic agent for neuroprotective experimental therapy after prenatal hypoxia. (PubMed, Front Syst Neurosci) - "Newborn rats were divided into groups receiving either Angiolin gel intranasally, Piracetam intraperitoneally, or saline (control) for 30 days...These findings suggest that intranasal administration of Angiolin gel effectively targets multiple pathophysiological pathways triggered by PH, providing robust neuroprotection and promoting functional recovery. Given its favorable safety profile and the non-invasive nature of intranasal delivery, Angiolin gel represents a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating the long-term neurological consequences of prenatal hypoxia and warrants further clinical investigation in neonatal and pediatric neurology."

IO biomarker • Journal • Cognitive Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Pediatrics • BCL2 • GPX1

History of the Racetams. (AES 2025) - "Funding: None Rationale: Levetiracetam (LEV) has been a blockbuster drug and drew attention to a unique mechanism of action. The history of antiseizure medication (ASM) discovery provides lessons for new drug development. We reviewed literature and conducted interviews with the investigators involved. Piracetam was synthesized in 1964 by Giurgea in a project attempting to develop GABA analogues for use in sleep induction...Gower noted that while LEV was only weakly effective in the more common maximal electric shock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) models, it was surprisingly effective as an anticonvulsant in an audiogenic mouse model...Seletracetam and brivaracetam (BRV) were both synthesized and BRV was chosen as more promising for clinical development based on effectiveness in MES and PTX models as well as the audiogenic mouse model... LEV would not have been discovered if only standard screening models were used. New screening methods may help identify new ASMs.New..."

Absence Seizure Disorder • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

Piracetam reverses scopolamine-induced memory disorder in mice: an animal model using behavioral, oxidative, and cholinesterase biomarkers. (PubMed, Neurosci Lett) - "Furthermore, piracetam at a dose of 200 mg/kg could reverse the memory impairment induced by scopolamine by mechanisms that are independent of the antioxidant action and cholinesterase inhibition. The present model has showed great sensibility and could be used to evaluate other drugs with the potential for the treatment of diseases related to memory damage."

Journal • Preclinical • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Cognitive Disorders • CAT