Depo-Estradiol (estradiol cypionate) / Pfizer - LARVOL DELTA

Lecirelin-cloprostenol: A single-dose compounding formulation for ovulation induction in beef cows. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "In conclusion, GPG upregulated PTGS2 expression and decreased intrafollicular E2 concentrations in the ovulatory follicle relative to GnRH, providing a mechanistic basis for the improved ovulatory synchrony observed in GPG-treated cows. While the GPG formulation consistently reduced the dispersion of ovulation timing across experiments, effects on P/AI were marginal in the present study."

Journal • PACERR • PTGS2

Aggrecan deficiency does not increase susceptibility to estrogen-induced growth plate senescence. (PubMed, J Endocr Soc) - "Importantly, we found no evidence that aggrecan deficiency increases susceptibility to estrogen-induced growth plate senescence. These findings challenge the hypothesis that accelerated skeletal maturation in ACAN deficiency reflects heightened estrogen sensitivity and instead point to intrinsic abnormalities of growth plate cartilage as a driver of premature growth cessation."

Journal • Endocrine Disorders • ACAN

Follicular dynamics and hormonal profile in Prepubertal nelore and Murrah heifers subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). (PubMed, Anim Reprod) - "We aimed to evaluate puberty induction, follicular dynamics, and hormonal profiles of progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) in prepubertal Nelore and Murrah heifers subjected to synchronization for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). Ovulation rates were 100% in Nelore and 50% in Murrah. These results highlight the importance of tailoring FTAI protocols to the specific reproductive characteristics of each breed."

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Effect of recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin on fertility of lactating dairy cows. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "In Experiment 1, cows (n = 797) received a progesterone (P4)-insert and estradiol benzoate (EB) on Day0. Cows treated with reCG had more P/AI than Control cows (34.1% vs. 45.2% vs. 42.0%, for Control, 105reCG, and 140reCG, respectively). In conclusion, use of reCG increased P/AI in pasture and confined-based dairy cows, and is a viable alternative to seCG."

Clinical • Journal

Administering the maternal bovine appeasing substance improves fertility in lactating dairy cows. (PubMed, JDS Commun) - "The protocol included 2 mg of estradiol benzoate + intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (DIB) on d -10, followed by 25 mg of dinoprost tromethamine on d -3, followed by 25 mg of dinoprost tromethamine + 1 mg of estradiol cypionate + 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin + DIB removal and tail paint on d -2. This calculation assumed mBAS cost of $3.00/cow, a herd of 1,000 cows in which mBAS yielded 125 more pregnancies, resulting in an economic benefit of $25,000 ($25,000/$3,000 = 8.33). The results of this experiment are novel and provide evidence that mBAS is effective in enhancing the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows when applied during critical stress-sensitive periods such as AI."

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hCG is not an alternative to eCG in the TAI protocol in Bos indicus cows, but it increases the efficiency of TAI protocols in cows that do not show estrus. (PubMed, Anim Reprod Sci) - "In Experiment 1, cows received a progesterone device and 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on D0. In conclusion, hCG is not an effective alternative to eCG at device removal. However, 1000 IU of hCG at the time of insemination improves fertility in cows that did not express estrus."

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Reproductive efficiency of Nelore (Bos indicus) cows submitted to conventional resynchronization or ReBreed21 programs. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "In conclusion, the ReBreed21 program anticipated pregnancies, improved PR, and reduced FP, highlighting its potential to enhance reproductive efficiency in Nelore cows. The dose of 1.0 mg of EC had no effect on fertility parameters."

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Reproductive efficiency of Bos indicus cows under different estradiol-free ovulation synchronization protocols. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "On D0, cows received one intravaginal P4 device and estradiol benzoate (EB; Control) or buserelin acetate (GnRH/EC and 2GnRH). 2). In conclusion, removal of estradiol in ovulation synchronization protocols resulted in lower fertility relative to E2-based controls."

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Association of buserelin acetate with estradiol benzoate in early resynchronization of Bos taurus beef heifers improved conception rates. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "A total of 656 heifers underwent a first fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI; designated as D0) and received a reused intravaginal progesterone (P4; 1 g) device on D22. The GnRH + EB group achieved a superior pregnancy rate at R22 (EB = 40.8 % vs. GnRH + EB = 56.0 %; P = 0.008) and a higher cumulative pregnancy rate (EB = 68.4 % vs. GnRH + EB = 79.2 %; P = 0.01). In conclusion, the administration of 10 μg of buserelin acetate combined with 1 mg of EB at the beginning of the R22 protocol improved conception rates in Bos taurus beef heifers."

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Estradiol esters are dispensable in progesterone-based TAI protocols for Bos taurus suckling beef cows. (PubMed, Anim Reprod Sci) - "Also, on D0, cows in the Control group received 2 mg of estradiol benzoate IM and cows in the GnRH/GnRH and GnRH/EC groups received 20 µg of buserelin acetate IM. No difference was observed in the estrus rate before TAI (D9; 72.1, 62.4 and 67.9 %; P = 0.22) or in the pregnancy rate (56.9, 53.1 and 53.6 %; P = 0.77) for control (n = 153), GnRH/EC (n = 147) and GnRH/GnRH (n = 155), respectively. In conclusion, estradiol replacement by GnRH in TAI protocols does not affect LF diameter, estrus expression and pregnancy rate in suckling Bos taurus beef cows."

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Estradiol treatment and double dose of GnRH for resynchronization protocols and timed artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in resynchronization (Resynch) protocols using different hormonal combinations (estradiol benzoate [EB], a double dose of GnRH, or EB with a double dose of GnRH) administered on the day of progesterone (P4) device insertion...The secondary objective was to compare P/AI in cows treated with two different GnRH agonists (gonadorelin acetate or buserelin acetate) on the day of P4 device insertion...In conclusion, the combined administration of EB and a double dose of GnRH does not improve P/AI compared with the administration of either hormone alone. Furthermore, both agonists produced comparable P/AI, confirming that they are equally effective when administered during P4 device insertion."

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Relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone concentration and antral follicle count in Colombian creole cows of the Chino Santandereano breed. (PubMed, J Adv Vet Anim Res) - "For the synchronization of estrus and ovulation, an intravaginal progesterone release device plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate was applied for 8 days. The results showed that in Creole cows of the Chino Santandereano breed, there is a high correlation between circulating levels of AMH and ovarian reserve. This mechanism can be used as an endocrine biomarker of the follicular population."

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Effect of EC-GnRH34 timed AI protocol on ovulation synchrony and fertility in crossbred Girolando dairy cows. (PubMed, Trop Anim Health Prod) - "At the IPD removal, all cows were treated with 1 mg i.m estradiol cypionate (EC), and then allocated into two groups to receive either 2.5 mL of saline solution (EC-Control, n = 111) or 10.5 μg i.m. buserelin acetate (GnRH analogue) 34 h after IPD removal (EC-GnRH34, n = 115). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the ovulation synchrony is optimized with the use of GnRH 34 h after IPD removal. Fertility to the TAI protocol, however, was not significantly improved in comparison with cows treated with a single ovulation inducer, EC."

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Single-Center Retrospective Analysis of Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneous Estradiol Use in Transgender and Nonbinary Adolescents and Young Adults. (PubMed, Transgend Health) - "A retrospective single-center chart review of TGNB adolescents and young adults up to 25 years old who received SC estradiol cypionate or SC estradiol valerate and completed laboratory testing between January 1, 2021, and January 1, 2024, was conducted. No clinically significant adverse events occurred, including new transaminase elevation, severe dyslipidemia, or thromboembolism. Many TGNB adolescents and young adults on SC estradiol administration achieved appropriate serum estradiol concentrations and no adverse events were reported, supporting continued use of SC estradiol in gender-affirming care."

Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • Dyslipidemia • Metabolic Disorders

Integrative genomic and bioinformatic prioritization of drug repurposing candidates for prostate cancer. (PubMed, BMC Pharmacol Toxicol) - "Integrating genomics, bioinformatics, and molecular docking provides an effective strategy for identifying and prioritizing drug repurposing candidates in prostate cancer. Estradiol-benzoate, estradiol-cypionate, and selumetinib emerge as promising candidates, meriting further preclinical and clinical evaluation for advanced prostate cancer therapy."

Journal • Genito-urinary Cancer • Oncology • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor • MAP2K1

Cardiovascular risk of gender-affirming estrogen therapy in a transgender rat model. (PubMed, J Mol Med (Berl)) - "Estrogen therapy in transgender female rats compensates ROS and myocardial distensibility. Estrogen therapy in transgender female rats worsens lipid management and cardiac contractility."

Journal • Preclinical • Anesthesia • Cardiovascular • Hypertension

Plasma Estradiol and Endometrial Edema Profile in Acyclic Mares After Single Administration of 17-β Estradiol, Estradiol Benzoate and Estradiol Cypionate. (PubMed, Reprod Domest Anim) - "A correlation between estradiol concentration and endometrial edema was only seen when using EC, and this hormone also produced the most similar concentration values to those found in natural cycling mares. Therefore, it is likely that EC would be a suitable hormone for preparing acyclic mares as embryo recipients."

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Endometrial gene expression of lactating Holstein cows: Impact of pre-estrus progesterone and intensity of estrous expression. (PubMed, J Dairy Sci) - "When estradiol concentrations near the onset of estrus were measured, we found that estradiol modulated endometrial expression of IGF1 and MUC1 genes, but this effect was observed only under the low P4 treatment. In conclusion, our study revealed substantial differences in endometrial gene expression between cows treated with different P4 concentrations during the follicular growth and expressing different intensities of estrus."

Journal • CCL2 • CCL22 • CXCL8 • IGF1 • IGF2 • IL1A • IL1B • MMP1 • MMP3 • MMP9 • MUC1 • NFKB2 • PTX3

A Case Series Examining the Use of Subcutaneous Estradiol for Feminization (ENDO 2025) - "40 patients who met 6 inclusion criteria were assessed: age ≥18 years old, received diagnosis ICD10 F64.0 (gender dysphoria/incongruence), prescribed estrogen formulation was solely SC estradiol cypionate or estradiol valerate, visited Hartford Healthcare Endocrinology between January 1, 2020 and March 7, 2023, completed at least two lab visits to establish baseline and also after initiation of therapy, and had at least one clinic visit to assess satisfaction. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Aug 21; 169(4):205-213."

Clinical • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Endocrine Disorders

Efficacy of Short-Term Timed Artificial Insemination Protocols With Estradiol Esters and PGF2α in Girolando Cows. (PubMed, Reprod Domest Anim) - "Cows with POF ≥ 10 mm at D0 had significantly higher conception rates with EC than with EB (48.3% vs. 29.0%; p = 0.03). Both protocols were equally effective; however, EC was more advantageous for cows with a POF ≥ 10 mm at treatment initiation."

Clinical • Journal

Reproductive outcomes of prepubertal Bos indicus beef heifers raised in a feedlot system submitted or not to ovulation induction strategies prior to a timed-artificial insemination treatment regimen. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "Reproductive outcomes were evaluated in prepubertal Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers submitted or not to two ovulation induction treatment regimens based on progesterone (P4) and estradiol treatments prior to the timed-artificial insemination (TAI)...The TAI was conducted 2 d later (Day 9, 46-50 h after P4 device withdrawal), concurrently with the administration of 8.4 μg of buserelin acetate...In conclusion, although the two ovulation induction treatments imposed prior to the synchronization for TAI resulted in a larger proportion of heifers with CL on Day 0, enhanced UT development and improved expression of estrus, there was no improvement in fertility outcomes of prepubertal Nelore heifers managed in a feedlot system. Interestingly, heifers that did not respond to the ovulation induction treatments (without CL on Day 0) were least fertile, indicating that these heifers were not in a peri-pubertal state, rather, the reproductive endocrine status of these..."

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Luteal Function and Pregnancy Rate in Bos taurus Heifers Treated With GnRH Prior to Timed Artificial Insemination. (PubMed, Reprod Domest Anim) - "The study aimed to evaluate the effects of GnRH given 34 h after progesterone (P4) intravaginal device (IVD) removal in a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol. A significant effect of body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) on PR was observed for control (p< 0.05), but not for GnRH34. In conclusion, GnRH 34 h after the IVD removal in beef heifers previously treated with EC had no effect on luteal function and fertility."

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Transcriptomic analysis of heifers according to antral follicle count. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "However, a tendency of a higher amount of grade II COCs was observed in heifers with high AFC than in those with low AFC. RNA sequencing results indicated that the main differences between high and low AFC heifers were not reflected in the genes directly related to fertility."

Journal • CAB39 • CD81 • CITED2 • FDX1

Influence of the follicular wave on gene expression and in vitro embryo production in cattle. (PubMed, Theriogenology) - "Twenty Bos taurus taurus donors were subjected to ovulation synchronization, starting with intramuscular administration of 2 mg estradiol benzoate and a 1.9 g intravaginal progesterone device on a random estrous cycle day (ten days before synchronized ovulation; D-10). Oocytes from G18 showed upregulation of genes related to apoptosis control and lipid metabolism, whereas those from G4 and G8 were downregulated. In conclusion, ovum pick-up at the beginning of the second follicular wave can improve IVP efficiency."

Journal • Preclinical • Metabolic Disorders

Evaluation of progesterone device reuse in shortened ovulation synchronization protocol in buffaloes raised in Amazon. (PubMed, Trop Anim Health Prod) - "In conclusion, the study suggests that the use of P4 intravaginal device with low content proves to be more efficient in synchronizing the follicular wave in buffaloes. This information contributes to our understanding of reproductive efficiency in Bubalus bubalis, particularly in the unique conditions of the Amazon."

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