promethazine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Overcoming Multidrug Resistance by Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors in Clinical Escherichia coli Strains. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "This study examined efflux-mediated resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and evaluated the potential of several efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs)-promethazine (PMZ), thioridazine (TZ), carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP), reserpine (RES), and phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN)-as therapeutic adjuncts...We observed a quite weak synergism between ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and PMZ; however, the result was not significant. Overall, the results highlight the central role of efflux pumps in ESBL-producing E. coli and indicate that EPIs can reverse resistance (e.g., PMZ) and exhibit potent anti-biofilm activity and show additive interactions with antibiotics. However, further studies are needed to optimize their safety, pharmacokinetics, and antibiotic pairing for potential clinical use."

Journal

Nausea and dystonia in a woman with psychiatric illness (PubMed, Ugeskr Laeger) - "Fluoxetine, a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor, may have increased exposure to metoclopramide and promethazine. This case report demonstrates that pharmacological insight and deprescribing can improve symptoms and support rational pharmacotherapy in vulnerable psychiatric patients."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Mental Retardation • Movement Disorders • Psychiatry

A Review of the History and Pharmacology of Anti- Nausea Medications (AAN 2026) - "Muscarinic receptor antagonists including atropine and hyoscine derived from nightshades and may affect the area post rami directly2. Histamine Receptor Antagonists such as dimenhydrinate and diphenhydramine tested on US Troops in 1948 and which often contain stimulating medication to offset sedating effect.3. Dopamine Receptor Antagonists including Phenothiazines such as Promethazine in 1947 and chlorpromazine in 1950...Benzodiazepines such as lorazepam which does not directly affect the area post rami but enhances GABA which reduces anxiety, produce sedative effect with potential for anterograde amnesia.5. Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine, (5HT3) receptor antagonists such as metoclopramide originally developed to offset emetic effect from cisplatin at those receptors and leading to selective agents such as granisetron.6... The 20th century had seen great advances in the management of nausea. Prior to World War 2, options were limited to natural plant derivatives and..."

Review • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders

PROMETHAZINE PROVOKES BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS AND DISRUPTS REDOX HOMEOSTASIS IN PLANARIANS. (PubMed, Neurotoxicology) - "Additionally, 1hour pre-incubation in the presence of promethazine increased MDA levels, GSH concentrations, and SOD activity, without affecting sulfhydryl content, suggesting lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant response in planarians. Overall, the study demonstrates that promethazine significantly alters planarian behavior and disrupts redox homeostasis, indicating a strong neuroactive response in planarians."

Journal

Promethazine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome under general anesthesia: a case report. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "This case illustrates that due to individual variations, even standard drug dosages may induce neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Notably, NMS lacks specific laboratory findings, and its diagnosis must rely on clinical symptoms to avoid delays in early identification and treatment."

Journal • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders

Effect of promethazine and hydroxyzine, two inhibitors of Tumor Controlled Translational Protein (TCTP), on the growth of in vitro culture of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma congolense. (PubMed, Exp Parasitol) - "The results, which were obtained in vitro, show that TCTP is involved in the development/multiplication of both trypanosome species, one of which, Tbg, being pathogenic for humans. The next step will be to verify the possible effect of treatment with TCTP inhibitors on infection of mice with trypanosomes."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • Oncology

Clinical characteristics of cyclic vomiting syndrome and the therapeutic efficacy of chlorpromazine combined with promethazine (PubMed, Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi) - "In contrast, 20 children who received intravenous drip ondansetron or omeprazole had a vomiting duration of 3 (3, 5) d. The vomiting duration in the chlorpromazine plus promethazine group was significantly shorter than that in the ondansetron or omeprazole group (Z=6.69, P<0.01). Vomiting is frequently accompanied by other gastrointestinal or autonomic symptoms. For acute episodes, chlorpromazine combined with promethazine is an effective and safe treatment."

Journal • Anorexia • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Pain • Pediatrics • Psychiatry • Rare Diseases

Time-Dependent Neuroprotection of Pre-reperfusion Hypothermia: CREB1/GATA3-Driven RBM3 Transcription Cooperates with Mitochondrial Preservation to Block Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Pyroptosis (ISC 2026) - "Pharmacological cooling (chlorpromazine+promethazine) was applied in vivo and physical hypothermia (32°C) were applied in vitro. Pre-reperfusion hypothermia uniquely enables RBM3 accumulation by combining CREB1/GATA3-driven transcription with mitochondrial preservation to avert ROS-mediated suppression. RBM3 acts as a pivotal determinant of neuroprotection, providing strategic targets for stroke therapy."

Cardiovascular • CREB1 • GATA3 • NLRP3 • RBM3 • TXNIP

Respiratory drugs and psychiatric adverse events in children and adolescents: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database. (PubMed, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol) - "The highest mortality rates were observed with hydroxyzine (50.94%) and caffeine (50.00%), while oxytetracycline (4/4, 100%) showed the highest proportions of life-threatening events...This study identifies statistical associations between RDs and pAEs in pediatric patients, particularly with montelukast and promethazine. The highest mortality rates were observed with hydroxyzine. These findings provide a foundation for further research but require confirmation through large-scale prospective studies."

Adverse events • Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Pediatrics • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

Exogenous Sex Hormones and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Risk in Transgender Patients. (PubMed, Anesth Analg) - "Transgender female (AMAB) patients on estrogen GAHT required rescue antiemetics more often than cisgender males and cisgender females after orchiectomies and augmentation mammoplasties. Transgender male (AFAB) patients on testosterone GAHT required rescue antiemetics less often than cisgender females after hysterectomies. These findings underscore the need for individualized perioperative care and antiemetic prophylaxis to promote equitable anesthetic care for transgender patients. This study's retrospective design limits causal inference and is subject to coding errors and residual confounding. Prospective studies with detailed perioperative and hormonal data are needed to validate these findings and clarify how the timing, dosage, and duration of GAHT influence PONV risk."

Journal • Anesthesia • Gynecology • Nicotine Addiction • Tobacco Addiction

CHILL-S: Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Hibernation-Like Therapy (Chlorpromazine and Promethazine) in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) Eligible for Reperfusion Therapy. (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=57 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Ji Xunming,MD,PhD

New trial • Cardiovascular • Ischemic stroke

An Open-label, Single-arm, Prospective, Multicenter, Phase I/II Clinical Study on the Safety and Efficacy of CD19/BCMA CAR-T Cell Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1/2 | N=24 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Yihao Wang

New P1/2 trial • Anemia • Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia • Hematological Disorders • Immunology

Efficacy and safety of haloperidol-promethazine combination versus chlorpromazine-promethazine in managing acute behavioral disturbances and violent behavior in psychiatric patients. (PubMed, Psychiatry Res) - "The combination of haloperidol and promethazine may be more effective and associated with fewer adverse effects compared to chlorpromazine and promethazine in the management of acute behavioral disturbances and violent behavior in individuals with psychiatric disorders. These findings support the use of haloperidol in combination with promethazine as a preferred intervention in acute psychiatric settings."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Preventive activity of promethazine against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. biofilms fixed on urinary catheters. (PubMed, Biofouling) - "The results indicated that PMT exhibits high potential as an antifungal agent, with promising applications in coatings aimed at preventing Candida spp. infections associated with long-term urinary devices."

Journal • Candidiasis • Infectious Disease • Nephrology • Urology

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Unmasked: A Case of Extrapyramidal Syndrome With Tardive Dystonia Leading to a Life-Threatening Crisis. (PubMed, Cureus) - "His antipsychotic regimen was intensified, including haloperidol, olanzapine, and promethazine...Immediate cessation of neuroleptics, aggressive supportive care, and treatment with bromocriptine, dantrolene, and benzodiazepines led to clinical improvement...Internists should be aware of extrapyramidal syndromes, particularly when evaluating patients on chronic antipsychotic therapy. A multidisciplinary approach, including neurologists, psychiatrists, and rehabilitation specialists, is crucial to optimizing patient outcomes and reducing long-term disability."

Journal • Acute Kidney Injury • CNS Disorders • Depression • Dystonia • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Nephrology • Psychiatry • Renal Disease

Evaluation of Compliance with IV Promethazine Formulary Use Criteria in an Institutional Setting (ASHP 2025) - No abstract available

Clinical • Compliance

Breaking the Pain Cycle: Hydroflotation With Promethazine and Dexamethasone for Post-laparoscopic Shoulder Pain. (PubMed, Cureus) - "The hydroflotation technique shows promise as a novel intervention for reducing PLSP following MIS. By addressing a significant postoperative complication, this technique has the potential to enhance recovery outcomes and patient satisfaction. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and assess the broader applicability of this method."

Journal • Inflammation • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain

A case series of hyperthermia crisis in cough mixture ingestion: Why early cooling save lives. (PubMed, Toxicol Rep) - "Promethazine and ephedrine were detected in all patients...Early recognition and aggressive cooling are critical to reduce mortality. Such cough mixtures should be restricted from being sold as over-the-counter medications."

Journal • Cough • Respiratory Diseases

High-Throughput Screening Using the Self-Controlled Tree-Based Scan Statistic to Identify Medications Associated With Hospitalization for Severe Acute Liver Injury. (PubMed, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf) - "High-throughput screening using tree-based scan statistics detected potentially hepatotoxic drugs for investigation in future pharmacoepidemiology studies."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Hepatology • Liver Failure • Pain

Peripheral IV Catheter-Associated Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Patient with Psychiatric Illness: A Case Report and Literature Review. (PubMed, Int Med Case Rep J) - "We report a 44-year-old man with bipolar affective disorder on haloperidol, promethazine, and carbamazepine...The patient was initially started on low molecular weight heparin, later transitioned to apixaban...Antipsychotics, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, may further elevate thrombosis risk. Clinicians must maintain vigilance for UEDVT in patients with unilateral arm swelling post-cannulation, recognizing that prompt ultrasound evaluation and guideline-based anticoagulation are essential to prevent complications."

Journal • Bipolar Disorder • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Mental Retardation • Pain • Psychiatry • Thrombosis • Venous Thromboembolism • Venous Ulcer

Multicenter, Single-Arm Exploratory Phase I Clinical Study (Assessment of Safety and Efficacy) of Fully Human BAFF-R Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Injection in Relapsed/Refractory BAFF-R-Positive B-Cell Lymphoma (clinicaltrials.gov) - P1/2 | N=20 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, China

New P1/2 trial • B Cell Lymphoma • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia • Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Marginal Zone Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Oncology

Integrating explainable artificial intelligence with multiomics systems biology and electronic health record data mining for personalized drug repurposing in Alzheimer's disease. (PubMed, Brief Bioinform) - "Notably, in a large US de-identified insurance-claims database (n = 364 733), exposure to promethazine, one of the candidate drugs, was associated with a 57%-62% lower incidence of AD versus an active antihistamine comparator (adjusted hazard ratio 0.38; inverse-probability weighted 0.43; both P < .001), providing real-world support for its repurposing potential. In summary, PRISM-ML, as an explainable multiomics analysis pipeline, is readily transferable to other complex diseases, advancing precision medicine."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders

Promethazine Effects on Motion Sickness During Altered Gravity Induced by Parabolic Flight. (PubMed, Aerosp Med Hum Perform) - "Promethazine was effective at mitigating motion sickness symptoms in both 0 g and partial g. Microgravity conditions (0 g) may be more provocative than partial gravity, possibly due to the greater magnitude of sensory conflict. Further research should continue to investigate motion sickness as a function of hypogravity level. Abbott R, Weinrich MM, Keller NW, Wright TJ, Dunbar BJ, Denise P, Kennedy DM, Diaz-Artiles A. Promethazine effects on motion sickness during altered gravity induced by parabolic flight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(11):976-984."

Clinical • Journal

Mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics study of polycystic ovary syndrome. (PubMed, J Ovarian Res) - "This study demonstrates distinct alterations in lipid and amino acid metabolism in PCOS and highlights the accumulation of exogenous molecules, including endocrine disruptors, in patient serum. By integrating metabolomic profiling with clinical phenotyping, our findings provide novel insights into PCOS pathophysiology and suggest potential serum biomarkers that may support early diagnosis and personalized therapeutic approaches."

Journal • Metabolic Disorders • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Synthesis of β-Cyclodextrin-Calix[4]arene Polymer-Based Chiral Stationary Phase for Chromatographic Separation of Enantiomers. (PubMed, Chirality) - "Compared with the home-made β-cyclodextrin-based chiral column, the prepared β-cyclodextrin-calix[4]arene polymer-based chiral column showed superior enantioseparation performance toward 1-phenylethanol, prothioconazole, promethazine, propranolol, and bisoprolol. These chiral compounds can be separated within 10 min under reversed-phase mode with resolutions ranging from 1.62 to 1.80. These findings will provide an important reference for developing novel supramolecule-based chiral stationary phases."

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