temazepam / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Construction and Comparison of UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-MS/MS Methods for the Detection of Diazepam Residues in Complex Aquatic Matrices. (PubMed, Foods) - "A standardized pretreatment protocol was established for simultaneous determination of diazepam and its metabolites-nordazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam-in aquatic products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Recoveries ranged from 73.8% to 117.9% (p > 0.05). The dual-platform detection system developed herein demonstrates high sensitivity, strong matrix interference resistance, and excellent reproducibility, enabling accurate trace quantification of diazepam and its metabolites in heterogeneous aquatic samples."

Journal

National prescribing trends for anti-depressants, anxiolytics and hypnotics 2010 to 2023 in England : analysis and findings (ECNP 2025) - "Greatest increases were in sertraline prescriptions 2.9 million in 2010 by 685% to 23.0 million in 2023; Duloxetine prescription increased 545% to 3.9 million prescriptions; and mirtazapine by 269% to 12.4 million prescriptions. Paroxetine prescriptions fell by 20% to 1.3 million...The largest falls in cost were 91% for escitalopram (£19.30(€22.58) to £1.66(€1.94) per prescription) and 86% for duloxetine £28.00(€32.76) to £3.79(€4.43) per prescription. Dosulepin increased by 437% to £13.31(€15.57) per prescription...Lorazepam, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide all demonstrate reduced use during that period down 23%,16%, and 88% respectively...Zopiclone fell by 14% to 4.5 million, with zolpidem falling by 14% to 630,000 and nitrazepam by 70% to 306,000 prescriptions...The cost of Temazepam (volume reduced by 2023 to 12% of 2010) increased by 496% from £3.58(€4.19) to £21.34(€24.97)/prescripton...Reasons for increased antidepressant use may..."

CNS Disorders • Depression • Psychiatry

What does data on adverse reactions reveal about benzodiazepines and suicide-related risk?: A disproportionality analysis using FDA FAERS pharmacovigilance data. (PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore)) - "After excluding 26 BZDs with insufficient psychiatric disorder-related AEs (<50 reports), 12 (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, potassium clorazepate, lorazepam, bromazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, flurazepam, triazolam, temazepam, and midazolam) were retained for disproportionality analysis using zolpidem as a control. Adults <65 years who used potassium clorazepate, lorazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, or triazolam faced a significantly higher suicide-related risk than those ≥65 years. Compared to zolpidem, BZDs demonstrate varied suicide-related risks, which necessitated personalized risk-benefit evaluations and increased monitoring for high-risk agents such as flurazepam and alprazolam."

Adverse events • Journal • CNS Disorders • Mental Retardation • Psychiatry

Real-World Treatment Patterns of Sleep Medications in the United States Veterans Affairs Health System (WSS 2025) - "Overall, an estimated 2.6% were prescribed zolpidem, 0.7% temazepam, 0.28% eszopiclone, 0.12% ramelteon, 0.6% zaleplon, 0.5% suvorexant, 0.4% triazolam, 0.006 lemborexant, 0.005% estazolam, and 0.0001% daridorexant. The Z-drug zolpidem was the most commonly prescribed medication indicated for insomnia. Sedative antidepressants were also frequently utilized, likely due to their affordability and the lack of widely accepted, cost-effective alternatives for managing insomnia. This reliance on off-label agents such as trazodone suggests a potential gap between clinical guidelines and real-world practice, possibly reflecting formulary constraints, prescriber familiarity, or patient comorbidities."

Clinical • HEOR • Real-world • Real-world evidence • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep Disorder

The effect of commonly used non-antibiotic medications on antimicrobial resistance development in Escherichia coli. (PubMed, NPJ Antimicrob Resist) - "We investigated whether nine commonly used NAMs in RACFs, including ibuprofen, diclofenac, acetaminophen, furosemide, metformin, atorvastatin, tramadol, temazepam, and pseudoephedrine at gut-relevant concentrations, enhance ciprofloxacin-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Co-exposure to two NAMs further elevated mutation rates and ciprofloxacin resistance levels. This study underscored the overlooked role of NAMs in driving AMR and highlighted the need to reassess polypharmacy risks in aged care settings."

Journal

Study on the Residual Dynamics of Diazepam in Freshwater Fish of Zhejiang, China and Its Implications for Human Health. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Among DZP metabolites, nordiazepam (NZP) exhibited stable detection rates (1.20-1.37%), while oxazepam and temazepam were rarely detected, suggesting selective metabolic pathways. Health risk assessments indicated low average dietary exposure for adults, whereas under extreme exposure scenarios, hazard quotients (HQ) for children approached the threshold of concern (HQ=0.49). These findings underscore the urgent need for strengthened regulation of bait quality and contamination control in recreational fishing areas to mitigate future food safety risks."

Journal

Global Occurrence and Hazards of Benzodiazepines in Water Resources: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. (PubMed, Environ Pollut) - "Numerous ecotoxicity data gaps were present for almost all BZDs; in fact, sufficient toxicity data to calculate both morphometric and behavioral PNECs was only available for diazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam. Our findings highlight important water quality hazards among global regions and aquatic matrices, which can inform future research efforts to understand and manage BZDs in the environment."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

A descriptive study of national trends in the dispensing of reimbursed hypnotics in France between 2012 and 2022. (PubMed, Sleep Health) - "Analyzing these trends provides insights into the potential impact of concurrent public health policies. While these trends are promising, continued efforts are necessary, emphasizing preventive and nonpharmacological measures, including improved sleep hygiene."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Infectious Disease • Insomnia • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Sleep Disorder

Adverse events of pharmacological interventions for insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, Front Psychiatry) - "Compared with placebo, zolpidem (somnolence: relative risk [RR] 1.85; dizziness: RR 2.33; headache: RR 1.26), zopiclone (somnolence: RR 2.02; dizziness: RR 2.33; dysgeusia: RR 7.84), indiplon (somnolence: RR 3.46; dizziness: RR 2.30; headache: RR 1.63), gaboxadol (dizziness: RR 3.44), eszopiclone (somnolence: RR 2.00; dizziness: RR 3.18; dysgeusia: RR 10.54), estazolam (somnolence: RR 2.08), flunitrazepam (somnolence: RR 3.04), flurazepam (somnolence: RR 2.52), lemborexant (somnolence: RR 6.57), nitrazepam (somnolence: RR 3.80), Ramelteon (somnolence: RR 2.19), suvorexant (somnolence: RR 3.32), Temazepam (somnolence: RR 3.77), trazodone (somnolence: RR 2.86), triazolam (somnolence: RR 2.35), and esmirtazapine (somnolence: RR 4.63; dizziness: RR 2.87) had the most harmful profile in nervous system disorders...Data on some drugs like flurazepam, nitrazepam, triazolam, and zaleplon in some outcomes were mainly based on limited study with rare event and thus was highly..."

Adverse events • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • CNS Disorders • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Infectious Disease • Insomnia • Otorhinolaryngology • Pain • Psychiatry • Respiratory Diseases • Sinusitis • Sleep Disorder • Xerostomia

Identification of human hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases involved in the glucuronidation of temazepam. (PubMed, Drug Metab Dispos) - "In both HLMs and HKMs, fluconazole (an inhibitor of UGT2B7) significantly inhibited R-temazepam glucuronidation, whereas serotonin (a specific substrate of UGT1A6) significantly inhibited S-temazepam glucuronidation. Multiple hepatic UGTs were shown to glucuronidate temazepam enantiomers, with R-temazepam metabolized primarily by UGT2B7, whereas UGT1A6 and UGT2B15 were involved in S-temazepam glucuronide formation. This study implicates specific UGT enzymes in the stereospecific glucuronidation of temazepam."

Journal • UGT1A6 • UGT2B15

Monitoring Community Use of Benzodiazepines Through Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. (PubMed, Drug Test Anal) - "Downstream biomarkers had higher population-normalised mass loads but cannot be interpreted in isolation, for example, lorazepam (ranging 4-25 mg/day/1000 inhabitants over all locations), lormetazepam (8-30), oxazepam (10-50) and temazepam (1-12). These findings highlight challenges in interpreting BZD consumption trends and emphasise the need of distinguishing different biomarker classes to ensure accurate and comparable results across studies needed to guide informed decision-making."

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Sex Differences in Adverse Events Reported With Concomitant Buprenorphine and Insomnia Medications Use (CPDD 2025) - "Secondary search terms included commonly prescribed medications for insomnia: “temazepam”, “triazolam”, “estazolam”, “lorazepam”, “clonazepam”, “alprazolam”, “ramelteon”, “doxepin”, “trazodone”, “mirtazapine”, “suvorexant”, “lemborexant”, “daridorexant”, “quetiapine”, “hydroxyzine”, “gabapentin”, “eszopiclone”, “zaleplon”, “zolpidem”, “zolpidem ER”. Contrary to previous research demonstrating that females are involved in more AE reports across pharmacovigilance databases (Brabete et al., 2022), and that females taking 1 buprenorphine had an increased likelihood of insomnia medications prescription receipt, compared to their male counterparts (Martin et al., 2023), we did not find sex differences in the number of AE reports. However, the data suggest that males taking concomitant buprenorphine and insomnia medications, specifically benzodiazepines and DORAs, may experience more serious AEs than females."

Adverse events • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep Disorder

Intrahospital oral benzodiazepine use in surgical patients (Euroanaesthesia 2025) - "Temazepam (33%), oxazepam (24%), zopiclone (19%) and lorazepam (13%) were prescribed most often. Benzodiazepine administration during admission was positively associated with higher 30-day surgical readmission, with an adjusted OR of 1.37 (1.22 to 1.54).Conclusion(s): 21.6% of surgical patients uses an oral benzodiazepine during hospital stay. Oral benzodiazepine use is associated with the female sex and surgical readmission."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

A Parallel-Group, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomised, Pragmatic Clinical Trial Investigating the Effect of Temazepam on Objective and Subjective Measures of Sleep in Critically Ill Patients (The DREAM Trial) (ATS 2025) - "This study observed a mean increase in sleep duration of one hour using structured nursing observation with less optimistic estimates of the effect on sleep quality, especially as perceived by the patient. Further studies may help better establish the utility of temazepam to improve sleep in ICU patients."

Clinical • Infectious Disease • Sleep Disorder

Treatment Patterns for Sleep Disorders in the United States Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (ISPOR 2025) - "Other treatments may include the melatonin receptor agonist (ramelteon) or sedating antidepressants (trazodone, off label)...Overall, an estimated 2.6% were prescribed zolpidem, 0.7% temazepam, 0.28% eszopiclone, 0.12% ramelteon, 0.06% zaleplon, 0.05% suvorexant, 0.04% triazolam, 0.006% lemborexant, 0.005% estazolam, and 0.001% daridorexant... The Z-drug zolpidem was the most commonly prescribed medication indicated for insomnia. Sedative antidepressants were also frequently utilized, likely due to their affordability and the lack of widely accepted, cost-effective alternatives for managing insomnia. Lemborexant and daridorexant, more recently approved for insomnia, were prescribed less frequently and have not yet become mainstream frontline treatments."

CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep Disorder

A new nano-encapsulated TSPO ligand reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease model. (PubMed, Theranostics) - " We synthesized a new TSPO ligand, TEMNAP, a hybrid of temazepam, a compound well known for its ability to bind TSPO, and naproxen, a drug with anti-inflammatory properties that is potentially useful to mitigate neuroinflammation. More importantly, TEMNAP was mass-spectrometrically detected in the hippocampus and cortex of Tg2576 mice after SANP-TF-TEMNAP intraperitoneal administration, preventing hippocampal neuroinflammation and improving cognitive function. These results emphasize the following: (i) the role of transferrin-conjugated self-assembling nanoparticles (SANP-TF) as CNS nanovectors, and (ii) the potential therapeutic effectiveness of peripherally administered SANP-TF-TEMNAP in preventing neuroinflammation associated with cognitive decline."

Journal • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Inflammation

Determination of diazepam and its active metabolites in aquatic products and aquaculture environments using modified QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS. (PubMed, Anal Methods) - "This study developed a modified QuEChERS method combined with UPLC-MS/MS to determine the residues of diazepam and its active metabolites, nordiazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam, in aquatic products and aquaculture environments. The risk assessment results showed that the residues of diazepam in aquaculture posed an acceptable risk to human health and a medium risk to the ecosystem. These results confirmed that the established method is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of diazepam and its active metabolites in aquatic products and aquaculture environments."

Journal

The Effect of Suvorexant on Fear Extinction Recall: A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Pilot Trial in Healthy Individuals. (PubMed, J Sleep Res) - "In this pilot, randomised controlled trial, we investigated the effect of 20 mg suvorexant to increase REM sleep, 20 mg temazepam to decrease REM sleep, and a placebo on extinction recall in 30 healthy adults (age: M = 26.93 years, SD = 7.54). These findings suggest that increasing REM sleep in populations with REM disruptions such as PTSD to optimal levels could improve extinction recall. This underscores the potential of enhancing REM sleep as a therapeutic target for improving PTSD outcomes, warranting further investigation of suvorexant in clinical populations where REM sleep deficits are prevalent."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Developmental Disorders • Mood Disorders • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder • Sleep Disorder

Impact of Postoperative Sleep Medication Use on 90-Day Complications Following Total Knee Arthroplasty (AAOS 2025) - "We further analyzed the effects of standard prescription sleep medications (Daridorexant, Eszopiclone, Lemborexant, Suvorexant, Temazepam, Triazolam, Zaleplon, Zolpidem) and less potent prescription sleep medications (Doxepin, Ramelteon). Both standard and less potent prescription sleep medication use is associated with surgical complications. Post-operative sleep disturbance remains a major problem following TKA, but prescription sleep medications may be unsafe for routine postoperative use."

Insomnia • Musculoskeletal Diseases • Orthopedics • Pain • Sleep Disorder

Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) After Oral Administration. (PubMed, J Vet Pharmacol Ther) - "Diazepam (DZP), a benzodiazepine medication, is extensively utilized in both human and veterinary medicine and has been frequently detected in fish populations. DZP was metabolized into nordiazepam and temazepam in crucian carp; nordiazepam is the main metabolite of DZP, which is gradually higher than the parent drug in the elimination phase. The dietary risk assessment suggested that a possible health risk (HQ ≥ 0.1) was found within 1 day via ingestion of crucian carp after an oral dose of DZP, suggesting that frequent consumption of high-residue crucian carp may cause harm to human health."

Journal

Determination of diazepam and its three metabolites in fish by pass-through solid phase extraction purification combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PubMed, Wei Sheng Yan Jiu) - "The established method is simple, rapid, sensitive and selective, which is suitable for the simultaneous determination of diazepam and its three metabolites in fish."

Journal

Prevalence and Incidence of Oral Benzodiazepine Use in Hospitalized Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. (PubMed, Ann Surg) - "In this study, one fifth of patients admitted to surgical departments were administered oral benzodiazepines for sleep disturbances and anxiety. Future research and policies should focus on finding and implementing effective non-pharmacological methods for perioperative sleep disturbances and anxiety."

Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Mood Disorders • Psychiatry • Sleep Disorder

"Multimodal Sleep Signal Tensor Decomposition and Hidden Markov Modeling for Temazepam-Induced Anomalies Across Age Groups". (PubMed, J Neurosci Methods) - "DREAMS supports the development of personalized interventions based on sleep transition variability across age groups, offering a powerful tool to understand temazepam's age-dependent effects on sleep architecture."

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Pharmacokinetics of remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam in sheep. (PubMed, Vet Anaesth Analg) - "Remimazolam elimination is significantly faster than either midazolam or diazepam. The rapid pharmacokinetics of remimazolam may be particularly useful to facilitate fast recovery from sedation and minimize drug residue exposures in food-producing animals."

Journal • PK/PD data • Anesthesia

Online Insomnia Treatment in Australian General Practice (ANZCTR) - P=N/A | N=375 | Completed | Sponsor: The Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University | Recruiting ➔ Completed

Trial completion • CNS Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep Disorder