azathioprine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Utilization of a Microdevice for Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P4 | N=10 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: University of California, San Francisco

New P4 trial • Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Psoriasis

Treatment Pathways, Switching, and Barriers to Disease-Modifying Therapy in Hispanic Cohort of NMOSD (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) exposures (rituximab, eculizumab, inebilizumab, ravulizumab, satralizumab, azathioprine, mycophenolate, interferons, glatiramer), reasons for discontinuation/switch, adherence/logistics, and EDSS trajectories were compiled. ResultsPatients cycled through a median of two DMTs (range: 1-4) before stabilization. In this largely Hispanic cohort, NMOSD treatment pathways were shaped by barriers as much as biology. Logistics failures, intolerance, and drug failure were the main reasons for switching therapies. Strikingly, nearly half of inebilizumab-treated patients experienced breakthrough relapses, diverging from trial outcomes and signaling a need for close monitoring and timely escalation."

CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Association between genetically predicted expression of TPMT and azathioprine adverse events. (PubMed, BMC Pharmacol Toxicol) - No abstract available

Adverse events • Journal • Hematological Disorders • Leukopenia

HETEROGENEOUS NON-HEMATOLOGIC AUTOIMMUNE COMPLICATIONS AFTER ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PEDIATRIC LEUKEMIA: INCIDENCE, SPECTRUM, AND OUTCOMES IN A SINGLE-CENTER COHORT (EBMT 2026) - "Observed ADs included Nephrotic Syndrome (n=3), Autoimmune Hepatitis accompanied by nephrotic syndrome (n=1), Vitiligo (n=2), Scleroderma (n=1), and Transverse myelitis (n=1).All patients underwent a non-TBI myeloablative conditioning regimen (Busulfan, Cyclophosphamide, +/- rabbit-ATG)...cGVHD was significantly higher in the Autoimmune Group (75% vs. 36.4%, p=0.05).Three patients with nephrotic syndrome were treated with systemic steroids and Mycophenolate in 2 cases, and cyclosporin in 1. The patient with autoimmune hepatitis and nephrotic syndrome received steroids, tacrolimus, and azathioprine. Two patients with vitiligo, initially resistant, were finally treated with prednisolone and Ruxolitinib...The patient with Scleroderma was treated with systemic steroids and sirolimus... Post-HSCT non-hematologic ADs in pediatric leukemia patients are diverse and differ from those in non-malignant diseases. The rate of AD incidence is consistent with prior research findings...."

Clinical • Heterogeneity • Autoimmune Hepatitis • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Chronic Graft versus Host Disease • CNS Disorders • Cytomegalovirus Infection • Dermatology • Glomerulonephritis • Graft versus Host Disease • Hepatology • Immunology • Nephrology • Pediatrics • Scleroderma • Systemic Sclerosis • Transplant Rejection • Transplantation • Vitiligo

HAPLO-CORD HCT: SAVE THE SIBLING! (EBMT 2026) - "Pharmacologic immunosuppression (PTIS) with fludarabine (30mg/m2), dexamethasone (25mg/m2), and azathioprine (1mg/kg), were given. Hydroxyurea (20mg/kg) was given to reduce host erythropoiesis. Hyper transfusion, dual iron chelators Deferoxamine, Deferiprone were used to reduce severe iron overload. Myeloablative conditioning with Fludarabine (25/mg2), Thiotepa (8mg/kg), GVHD prophylaxis with ATG (4.5mg/kg), PTCY, Tacrolimus (later switched to sirolimus) MMF and ruxolitinib were used. Defibrotide prophylaxis was initiated due to a high pre-transplant VOD risk score... Patient had Grade 2 CRS responded to tocilizumab... Haplo-Cord HSCT provides a viable curative option for transfusion-dependent thalassemia when a matched donor is unavailable. This case demonstrates successful engraftment, manageable toxicity, and complete hematologic recovery with tailored prophylaxis and multidisciplinary care. By merging two graft sources, Haplo-Cord transplantation under Save the..."

Beta-Thalassemia • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Genetic Disorders • Graft versus Host Disease • Hematological Malignancies • Immunology • Mucositis • CD34

HAPLOIDENTICAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION AS A CURATIVE STRATEGY FOR SEVERE SICKLE CELL DISEASE: A SINGLE-CENTER REPORT (EBMT 2026) - "We report our single-center experience using post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) platform...Conditioning: thiotepa, fludarabine, rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and 2 Gy TBI, except for the first patient, who received treosulfan. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis: mycophenolate mofetil with tacrolimus or sirolimus and PTCy, abatacept was added in the last two patients. All patients received hydroxyurea before transplantation and peri-transplant transfusion support. The first patient additionally received azathioprine for two months andrequired rituximab and plasmapheresis due to alloimmunization...Three patients developed overlap syndrome with intestinal involvement (no biopsy confirmation in 66.7% cases), treated with photopheresis and ruxolitinib: one is off treatment, one is tapering immunosuppression, and one remains on immunosuppressive therapy... Haplo-HSCT using PTCy was feasible in this small cohort of adolescents with severe SCD, resulting in..."

Clinical • Acute Graft versus Host Disease • Acute Kidney Injury • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Cardiovascular • Chronic Graft versus Host Disease • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Genetic Disorders • Graft versus Host Disease • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Hypertension • Immunology • Mucositis • Nephrology • Rare Diseases • Sickle Cell Disease • Subarachnoid Hemorrhage • Transplant Rejection • Transplantation

SMALL BOWEL PERFORATION AND DISSEMINATED HISTOPLASMOSIS IN A PATIENT WITH CROHN'S DISEASE: A CASE REPORT (CCCongress 2026) - "Her CD had previously been managed with oral budesonide continuously since diagnosis, infliximab and azathioprine for the past 8 years...She was started on amphotericin, posaconazole and began tapering steroids...Tissue diagnosis is essential, and infections such as histoplasmosis should be excluded prior to escalating immunosuppression. Although prior records confirming her CD were unavailable, chronic steroid use and anti-TNF therapy likely contributed to severe histoplasmosis that resulted in bowel perforation."

Case report • Clinical • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Effectiveness of biologics and small molecules in chronic pouchitis: a real-world Greek and Portuguese collaborative study. (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Prior exposure to 5-ASA, azathioprine, and biologics were documented in 125 (91.9%), 52 (38.2%) and 94 (69.1%) patients, respectively...Response rates per therapy were: adalimumab 74.1% (n = 20/27), vedolizumab 66.7% (n = 24/36), ustekinumab 60.0% (n = 12/20), infliximab 55.6% (n = 15/27) and tofacitinib 42.9% (n = 3/7)...Conclusion In this real-world, multicentre study, biologic and small-molecule therapies achieved high rates of clinical remission in patients with chronic pouchitis and Crohn’s-like disease of the pouch, with comparable effectiveness across agents. These findings support the growing role of advanced therapies in managing chronic pouch inflammation in everyday clinical practice."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Crohn's disease • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Hematological complications in solid organ transplant recipients with telomere biology disorders: a narrative review. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Hematological complications may result from both the intrinsic TBD and the additive myelotoxic effects of immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil) or anti-infectious prophylaxis (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, valganciclovir). A multidisciplinary approach involving pulmonology, hepatology, hematology, and transplant specialists is crucial to optimize patient selection, perioperative management, and post-transplant care. This review summarizes current knowledge on hematological complications following solid organ transplantation in TBD patients and describes expert-opinion strategies for the pre-transplant evaluation and post-transplant management of these high-risk individuals."

Journal • Review • Fibrosis • Hematological Disorders • Hepatology • Immunology • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Solid Organ Transplantation • Transplantation

Maintenance and Progression of Biologic Therapies in Patients with Crohn's Disease (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Among the remaining 56 patients, 37.5% (21/56) were receiving combination therapy with azathioprine and a biologic agent, 51.7% (29/56) had escalated to advanced therapy without an immunosuppressant, and 10.7% (6/56) had discontinued azathioprine without initiating biologic therapy...Rates by medication were: infliximab 91.7% (11/12), adalimumab 78.9% (15/19), vedolizumab 33.3% (1/3), ustekinumab 25% (1/4)...Infliximab and adalimumab were the predominant first-line agents, maintaining good remission rates even when not used as first-line treatment. These findings highlight the importance of close monitoring and timely adjustments to preserve response and optimize sequencing of biologic therapy in CD."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Long-term Outcomes and Predictors of Indolent Course in Newly Diagnosed Mild Crohn’s Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Among the 33 who lost indolence, 29 (87.9%) initiated advanced medical therapy (11 adalimumab, 8 azathioprine, 6 infliximab, 2 ustekinumab and 1 methotrexate). Recognising this low-risk subgroup is crucial to avoid overtreatment, while ensuring timely escalation in patients with higher-risk features. These findings support a risk-stratified approach at diagnosis integrating biochemical and imaging markers, consistent with previous reports 1–4."

Retrospective data • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Real-world management and rescue therapy patterns in acute severe ulcerative colitis: a prospective multicenter Korean cohort (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Before admission, 84.8% had used systemic steroids (median dose 25 mg), 78.8% had used azathioprine, and 3.0% had used 5-ASA...First-line rescue treatments included infliximab in 13 patients (39.4%), adalimumab in one (3.0%), and vedolizumab in one (3.0%). Two patients (6.1%) required second-line escalation (ustekinumab and upadacitinib), and one patient (3.0%) required third-line escalation with upadacitinib...No colectomy or mortality occurred. These findings describe current real-world management patterns and favorable short-term safety outcomes in Korean ASUC patients."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

KAPOSI SARCOMA IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (CCCongress 2026) - "The most common immunosuppressive drugs included corticosteroids (65.0% of cases), azathioprine (25.0%), infliximab (22.5%), and vedolizumab (12.5%). Kaposi sarcoma may have overlapping symptoms with inflammatory bowel disease, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and bowel obstruction, making diagnosis difficult. Increased awareness of Kaposi sarcoma as a rare complication of IBD, especially for patients on immunosuppressive therapy, can allow for early diagnosis and prevent delays in management."

Clinical • Review • Colorectal Cancer • Crohn's disease • Epstein-Barr Virus Infections • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Kaposi Sarcoma • Sarcoma • Solid Tumor • Ulcerative Colitis

Azathioprine combined with either rifaximin (A microecological inhibitor) or infliximab for inflammatory bowel disease: Differential impacts on intestinal barrier function, inflammatory response and stress injury. (PubMed, Pak J Pharm Sci) - "IFX + AZA for rapid induction remission and RIF+AZA for maintenance therapy in IBD."

Clinical • Journal • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Oncology • EGF • IL6 • TGFB1

Disease Clearance and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Treatment of UC patients who achieved Disease Clearance Treatment n= (%) 5-aminosalicylates 35 (35) Azathioprine 11 (11) Prednisone 2 (2) Topical therapy (Enemas/Suppositories) 15 (15) Infliximab 2 (2) Vedolizumab 1 (1) Ustekinumab 2 (2) Conclusion Disease clearance was achieved in 37% of patients with UC. The absence of disease clearance was independently associated with multiple hospitalizations due to disease relapse. These findings highlight the relevance of achieving disease clearance."

Clinical • Clinical data • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Clinical outcomes of ustekinumab monotherapy versus combination therapy with azathioprine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a propensity-matched cohort study (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "These findings suggest limited clinical benefit and potential added risk with thiopurine co-therapy. Further evaluation is warranted to clarify the optimal role of combination immunosuppression in IBD management."

Clinical • Clinical data • Combination therapy • Monotherapy • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Aortic graft invasion into duodenum as an atypical pathergy phenomenon in vascular Behçet's disease. (PubMed, Mod Rheumatol Case Rep) - "Following postoperative stabilization, intensified immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and infliximab was administered, thereby preventing further vascular events and other severe manifestations. This case underscores the critical importance of adequate immunosuppressive control before vascular surgery in BD to reduce severe postoperative complications."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Gastroenterology • Hematological Disorders • Inflammation • Rare Diseases • Thrombosis

CASE SERIES OF COMPLEX PERIANAL FISTULAS WITHOUT LUMINAL CROHN'S DISEASE AT TERTIARY CENTER. (CCCongress 2026) - "One patient received combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine 150 mg daily and allopurinol 300 mg. One patient was on therapy with guselkumab and upadacitinib (45 mg daily), with promising fistula healing... The cases described present the multimodal importance of perianal Crohn’s involving immunomodulators and surgical intervention in patients without luminal inflammation. This patient cohort includes patients who are currently receiving induction doses of infliximab to an established patient on infliximab 10 mg/kg. Anti-TNF therapy was used as the baseline therapy in our patients."

Clinical • Constipation • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Durability of Conventional Immunosuppressants in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus. (PubMed, J Clin Aesthet Dermatol) - "Immunosuppressive medications were frequently discontinued after short time periods, and few were discontinued due to success. These data highlight the need for better systemic therapy in OLP."

Journal • Dermatology • Dermatopathology • Immunology • Lichen Planus • Oncology • Oral Cancer • Squamous Cell Carcinoma

"Beyond Corticosteroids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Novel Therapies for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis". (PubMed, Respir Med) - "Due to heterogeneity and limited high-quality evidence, definitive conclusions about novel therapies in HP remain elusive. However, rituximab and MMF showed promising results. Long-term randomized trials with standardized endpoints are needed to guide therapeutic decisions."

Journal • Retrospective data • Fibrosis • Immunology • Inflammation • Interstitial Lung Disease • Pneumonia • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Pemphigus vegetans successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid and rituximab: a rare case report with 15-month follow-up and literature review. (PubMed, Front Immunol) - "Systemic corticosteroid is the first-line therapy for PVeg, and immunosuppressive treatments such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and intravenous immunoglobulins can be used to improve remission rates. Also, there have been a few reports on the use of rituximab for treating PVeg. Here, we present a rare case of PVeg successfully treated by rituximab and provide the first brief review of the application of rituximab in PVeg. Additionally, this patient experienced muscle weakness after treatment but gradually improved with tapering prednisone, which increased our understanding of steroid myopathy."

Journal • Review • Dermatology • Immunology • Myositis • Pemphigus Vulgaris

Treatment of EGPA - Do we need immunosuppressives? (PubMed, J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract) - "Conventional immunosuppressive agents such as cyclophosphamide (CYC), azathioprine, and methotrexate have been widely used, and rituximab has shown similar remission rates to CYC for induction therapy...Biologic therapies targeting eosinophils through IL-5 or IL-5R blockade, notably mepolizumab and benralizumab, have markedly reduced relapse rates, steroid exposure, and improved remission rates in relapsing or refractory disease, with excellent tolerability...Future priorities include clarifying the contribution of vasculitic versus non-vasculitic mechanisms, the significance of ANCA status, and the immunobiology of relapse. Despite therapeutic inertia in the absence of definitive trials, the collective drive of clinicians and researchers promises to transform and advance management of EGPA in the years ahead."

Journal • Review • ANCA Vasculitis • Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis • Immunology • Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis • Rare Diseases • Vasculitis • IL5 • TSLP

An Association Between Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) and Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD) in a Male Diagnosed With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (SJS): A Case-Based Review. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Treatment with prednisolone, hydroxychloroquine, and azathioprine brought about clinical and biochemical improvement. Rituximab was contemplated for escalated therapy due to the overlapping autoimmune conditions and systemic nature of IgG4-RD...It is essential to differentiate IgG4-AIH from classic AIH or pSS-related liver disease, as it may have a different treatment response and prognosis. Further studies would assist in refining the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies for overlapping autoimmune syndromes."

Journal • Autoimmune Hepatitis • Cholestasis • Diabetes • Endocrine Disorders • Fibrosis • Hepatitis C • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Sjogren's Syndrome • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

CNS Inflammatory Demyelination or Lymphoma? A Case of Epstein-Barr Virus-Related CNS Polymorphic Lymphoproliferative Disorder (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "These cases pose significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical, radiologic, and histologic features with inflammatory demyelinating diseases and CNS lymphoma. . A 75-year-old woman with CREST syndrome, previously treated with methotrexate and azathioprine, had been on mycophenolate mofetil for 11 years...Rituximab (375 mg/m² weekly ×4) induced marked radiologic regression and sustained recovery... CNS-limited EBV-associated polymorphic lymphoproliferative disorder is a rare complication of chronic immunosuppression outside the transplant context. It exhibits a morphologic continuum from inflammatory to neoplastic, and its presentation can mimic demyelinating or neoplastic processes. Repeated biopsy was essential for diagnosis, and targeted B-cell depletion achieved durable remission."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • CNS Lymphoma • Epstein-Barr Virus Infections • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma • Scleroderma • Systemic Sclerosis • IGH

Frequency and Characteristics of Movement Disorders in MOGAD Patients (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Other treatment options were rituximab in 3 patients, methotrexate in one patient and azathioprine in two patients. Movement disorders could be a significant aspect of MOGAD patient’s presentations, in particular gait ataxia. Further research addressed to identify the real prevalence of ataxia and its clinical characteristics is essential to improve understanding and identifying the best treatment strategies."

Clinical • Ataxia • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis • Solid Tumor