levamisole / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Evaluation of tissue cyst protection in pigs immunized by intradermal and intramuscular routes with a DNA vaccine (rop18 + sag1) against Toxoplasma gondii. (PubMed, Exp Parasitol) - "All groups received 2% (v/v) of levamisole as an adjuvant...Humoral immune response of IgM and IgG antibodies was assessed using indirect ELISA, and tissue cysts were evaluable by mouse bioassay. The results showed that the animals immunized with the DNA vaccine (sag1+rop18) developed partial protection against the formation of tissue cysts, however, more studies with higher number of pigs should be conducted."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Immune effects of lipids isolated from Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. (PubMed, Front Nutr) - "Mice were randomly assigned to nine groups (n = 3/group): normal control, CY, CY + ginseng (100 mg/kg), CY + levamisole (40 mg/kg), CY + PEG6000 (10 mg/kg), and four CY + OM-PEG groups (50-200 mg/kg). The mRNA expression of immunostimulatory cytokines and mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IFN-γ, and COX-2, was significantly upregulated in both splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages of CY-treated mice (p < 0.05). Consequently, these results suggest that OM-PEG6000, prepared by incorporating lipids isolated from O. mykiss eggs into PEG6000, contributes to immune system activation and has potential as a functional food ingredient due to its immune-enhancing efficacy."

Journal • Preclinical • IFNG • IL1B • IL2 • IL4 • IL6 • TNFA

Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of Moringa oleifera and Embelia ribes against Haemonchus contortus. (PubMed, J Helminthol) - "Further, in vivo trial using MOAE @ 150 mg/kg BW exhibited 72.42% FEC reduction on day 10 post-treatment as compared to fenbendazole (70.92%) and levamisole (89.01%) treated groups. The MOAE appeared effective in combating the resistant H. contortus worms. This study formed a base for further in vivo evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of the mixture of Moringa and Embelia extracts and to standardise the optimum concentration and dose for its field applicability against GI parasitism in animals."

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Validation of the Neogen® ELISA Gabapentin Kit for Blood and Urine. (PubMed, J Anal Toxicol) - "The assay was reliably able to detect gabapentin without interference from matrix components or other substances routinely detected in authentic case samples with the exception of levamisole in urine if present at unusually high concentrations. Other case sample results were comparable to those obtained with liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for blood and urine, respectively. The Neogen® Gabapentin kit exhibited minimal cross-reactivity for pregabalin and demonstrated excellent precision and appropriate sensitivity in both whole blood and urine, making it an efficient and reliable method to screen for gabapentin."

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Neuropharmacology of levamisole and its phase I metabolites: lack of evidence for levamisole-cocaine interactions. (PubMed, Psychopharmacology (Berl)) - "We found no evidence that levamisole alters the acute pharmacological effects of cocaine in male rats. The metabolite aminorex is a potent monoamine transporter substrate which could contribute to effects of levamisole under certain conditions (e.g., repeated, high-dose exposure), but most studies in human users of levamisole-adulterated cocaine have failed to detect measurable quantities of aminorex."

Journal • P1 data

A novel anaerobic cholinergic signaling compound, β-alanine betaine, and nAChRs in Ascaris. (PubMed, PLoS Negl Trop Dis) - "However, injection of β-alanine betaine produced characteristic pretzel coiling and injection of levamisole produced a rod-like spastic paralysis...An expanded repertoire of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subfamilies in nematodes relative to mammals may reflect a corresponding need for diversification of cholinergic endogenous ligands in these organisms. This repertoire could allow their simpler neuronal system to perform more complex controls and be exploited for development of different and novel subfamily selective cholinergic anthelmintics."

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Dietary Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide supplementation improves antioxidative status, intestinal immune, and structure of cecal microbiota in Mahuang chickens. (PubMed, Front Vet Sci) - "A total of 180 one-day-old Mahuang chicks (initial average body weight 39.10 ± 0.51 g) were randomly divided into six groups (six replicates, five chicks per replicate): a basal diet with 0 (CON), 0.1 g/kg levamisole hydrochloride (LMS), 100 mg/kg EPP (EPP100), 200 mg/kg EPP (EPP200), 400 mg/kg EPP (EPP400), and 800 mg/kg EPP (EPP800) for 42 days...In summary, this study confirmed that supplementing with EPP could boost growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal barrier function, and cecal microbial community in Mahuang chickens without adverse effects, and the 400-800 mg/kg EPP appears to be optimal. This highlights the potential of EPP as a safe and effective alternative to synthetic immunostimulants in poultry production."

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Three-dimensional reconfigurable magnetic microswarms with boundary-transcending capabilities. (PubMed, Sci Adv) - "As a further demonstration, the cardiotoxic compound-levamisole was vertically transported across intermediate barriers to induce localized arrhythmic beating of cardiomyocytes. These multifunctional magnetic microswarms hold promise for biological mechanism discovery and drug screening."

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Is partial worm replacement effective for Haemonchus contortus control in different sheep breeds? (PubMed, Parasitol Int) - "Benzimidazole (F200Y) and levamisole (S168T) resistance-associated polymorphisms were genotyped in Haemonchus contortus larvae...Although reversion of anthelmintic efficacy was transient, strategic reinfection at the end of the dry season may offer an alternative for producers unable to implement TR. When combined with the use of resistant breeds, this approach may help reduce production losses in countries where effective drug classes are unavailable."

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Levamisole-induced anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis in paediatric nephrotic syndrome: dose-dependent and idiosyncratic risks in paediatric patients. (PubMed, BMJ Case Rep) - "Both cases were marked by the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and resolved promptly on drug withdrawal. These cases underscore that levamisole-induced autoimmunity is not confined to specific ethnicities or illicit drug contaminants but is a direct iatrogenic risk that clinicians must monitor closely in the paediatric population."

Journal • Glomerulonephritis • Immunology • Nephrology • Pediatrics • Renal Disease • Vasculitis

Multiple anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus infecting sheep in Gangetic plains of India. (PubMed, Trop Anim Health Prod) - "Multiple resistance to albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin was observed in both Ayodhya flocks, whereas resistance to albendazole and levamisole was observed in one Etah flock. The findings highlight the emergence of multiple anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus in Uttar Pradesh, India. Proper monitoring of anthelmintic resistance and sound managemental practices are urgently required to mitigate further spread of anthelmintic resistance across India."

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Levamisole-induced vasculitis presenting as extensive ulceronecrotic lesions with crack cocaine use (EADV 2026) - No abstract available

Vasculitis

Recurrent Lower-Extremity Purpura Mistaken for Cellulitis: Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Type III Mixed Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Cocaine history required consideration of levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy, an important mimic. The patient remains on prednisone 5 mg daily with ongoing taper. This case underscores cryoglobulinemic vasculitis as a cause of recurrent, cellulitis-like, lower limb eruptions, and the primacy of antiviral cure in achieving vasculitis remission."

Journal • Complement-mediated Rare Disorders • Dermatology • Glomerulonephritis • Hepatitis C • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Lupus Nephritis • Nephrology • Pain • Renal Disease • Rheumatology • Vasculitis

Cavitands with fixed planar chirality for stereoselective molecular recognition in aqueous media | Poster Board #1773 (ACS-Fall 2026) - "As an initial demonstration, our first pair of cavitands forms inclusion complexes with the cocaine adulterant levamisole in water (Kd < 1 mM)...In this way, dendritic pillar[6]arenes can be used as chiral shift reagents for determining the enantiopurity of pharmaceuticals, as well as for examining a variety of chiral recognition processes, sensing of chiral molecules, and stereoselective sequestration in aqueous media. Different candidates in the library are currently being explored for stereoselective recognition of other chiral guest molecules of interest."

Cavitands with fixed planar chirality for stereoselective molecular recognition in aqueous media (ACS-Fall 2026) - "As an initial demonstration, our first pair of cavitands forms inclusion complexes with the cocaine adulterant levamisole in water (Kd < 1 mM)...In this way, dendritic pillar[6]arenes can be used as chiral shift reagents for determining the enantiopurity of pharmaceuticals, as well as for examining a variety of chiral recognition processes, sensing of chiral molecules, and stereoselective sequestration in aqueous media. Different candidates in the library are currently being explored for stereoselective recognition of other chiral guest molecules of interest."

Topological Amorphization of VO2 via Chemical Locking for Durable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Storage. (PubMed, Adv Mater) - "Using levamisole hydrochloride (LMS) as a dual-functional modulator, strong Lewis's acid-base interactions (V─N/V─S coordination) generate localized tensile stress that progressively disrupts the long-range periodic lattice...Consequently, the L-VO2-0.1 cathode delivers 481.6 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and sustains 12 000 cycles at an extreme rate of 20 A g-1 with 83.5% capacity retention. Furthermore, a dual-cathode pouch cell achieves a commercial-grade absolute capacity of 1.15 Ah and a high areal capacity of 7.9 mAh cm-2 under a stringent mass loading (>20 mg cm-2), enabling feasible routes toward scalable, durable energy storage devices."

Journal

Relapse of Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome Despite Long-Term Ciclosporin Therapy in an 11-Year-Old Child: A Case Report and Review on the Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. (PubMed, Case Rep Nephrol) - "He had experienced 11 previous relapses and was receiving ciclosporin 50 mg twice daily and enalapril 5 mg once daily with good adherence...Penicillin V was initiated for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis...This case highlights several important therapeutic considerations in relapsing childhood nephrotic syndrome: recognition of SDNS as a subgroup of SSNS, accurate prednisolone dosing during relapse, careful assessment of edema and intravascular volume status before diuretic therapy, and individualized use of steroid-sparing agents and antimicrobial prophylaxis. In children receiving prolonged ciclosporin therapy, treatment should be regularly reviewed with blood pressure, renal function, and therapeutic drug monitoring in view of potential calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, and alternative steroid-sparing options such as levamisole may be considered where clinically appropriate."

Journal • Cough • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Thrombocytosis

Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Levamisole in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Ewes: A Longitudinal Study. (PubMed, J Vet Pharmacol Ther) - "These results indicated that pregnancy reduced exposure (AUC0-last) and duration of levamisole presence in the body. This information contributes to the use of levamisole in pregnant ewes, but further studies are needed to determine the change in therapeutic effect related to pregnancy."

Journal • Observational data • PK/PD data

Cocaine-Induced Midline Destructive Lesions: A Historical Review of Diagnostic Mimicry. (PubMed, Laryngoscope) - "This historical review of cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL) traces the evolution of our understanding of cocaine-related sinonasal injury and the prolonged diagnostic confusion surrounding destructive midline disease. From the rapid adoption of topical cocaine anesthesia, through decades of nosological debate, to the levamisole adulteration era that eroded the specificity of serological tools, the review culminates in a practical diagnostic framework for contemporary clinical practice."

Journal • Review • Anesthesia • Otorhinolaryngology • Rare Diseases • Vasculitis

Distinct anthelmintic classes do not affect gut bacteria, and bacteria do not alter nematocidal efficacy in Caenorhabditis elegans. (PubMed, MicroPubl Biol) - "Using Caenorhabditis elegans and representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative gut bacterial lineages, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus reuteri , respectively, we tested interactions with fluopyram, ivermectin, and levamisole. None of the drugs affected either bacterial growth, and neither bacterial lineage altered nematocidal efficacy. These results help elucidate bacteria-anthelmintic-nematode interactions using tractable experimental models; their direct relevance to in vivo intestinal infections remains to be confirmed."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Pharmacokinetics of oral and subcutaneous administration of free and liposomal levamisole in goats. (PubMed, Res Vet Sci) - "As a result, it was concluded that liposomal levamisole may exhibit potentially improved efficacy than free levamisole in goats. Future study directions include investigating liposomal levamisole in different species to determine whether improved efficacy is consistent."

Journal • PK/PD data

Hydralazine-Induced ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Case Report with Severe Kidney Involvement. (PubMed, Rev Med Chil) - "Drugs that can induce ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis include antithyroid agents, cocaine/levamisole, minocycline, and hydralazine. Her clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, serological and histopathological studies are described. In addition, the patient's evolution and favorable response to induction treatment with corticosteroids plus cyclophosphamide are detailed."

Journal • ANCA Vasculitis • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • Lupus Nephritis • Nephrology • Vasculitis

Withania somnifera root extract reduces susceptibility of the model worm Caenorhabditis elegans to different types of stressors. (PubMed, Drug Target Insights) - "Previous exposure of worms to WSRE conferred prophylactic benefit on them in the face of subsequent challenge with rotenone, MnCl2, or levamisole...Our results support the candidature of W. somnifera roots as a potent nutraceutical. However, the underlying molecular targets and pathways remain to be elucidated."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Metabolic Disorders

Integrated Foodomics Reveals Gut Microbiota-Metabolite-Gene Interactions Associated with the Immunoprotective Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Peptide. (PubMed, Foods) - "This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of GLPP against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury in mice and to explore the associated microbiota-metabolite-gene interaction network using integrated foodomics. BALB/c mice were treated with CTX and then administered GLPP at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day for 42 days, with levamisole as a positive control...Integrated correlation analysis suggested a microbiota-metabolite-gene-immune association network involving putative gamma-Glutamylleucine(γ-Glu-Leu), leukotriene D4(LTD4)-like lipid features, and hippuric acid. These findings support GLPP as a promising immune-supporting functional food ingredient, although metabolite assignments and causal mechanisms require further validation."

Journal • Metabolic Disorders • IFNG • IL2 • TNFA

SMR Analysis Integrating GWAS and eQTL Data Reveals UHRF1BP1 and SNRPC as Potential Drug Targets for Low Back Pain. (PubMed, J Pain Res) - "Drug prediction suggested levamisole and taxifolin as potential UHRF1BP1-modulating compounds. PheWAS indicated low pleiotropic risk, with associations mainly with hypertension and celiac disease. This multi-omics framework prioritizes UHRF1BP1 (involved in epigenetic regulation) and SNRPC (RNA splicing modulator) as mechanistically novel, genetically supported candidate targets for LBP, providing a foundation for future experimental validation and therapeutic development."

Journal • Back Pain • Cardiovascular • Celiac Disease • Hypertension • Immunology • Lumbar Back Pain • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • SNRPC • UHRF1