levamisole / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Two populations of heteromeric acetylcholine receptors are present at C. elegans neuromuscular junctions. (PubMed, Genetics) - "At neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), L-AChRs are heteromeric AChRs sensitive to levamisole, a nematode-specific L-AChR agonist, that play a crucial role in locomotion...Interestingly, ACR-8* are already present at high levels at the NMJ from early developmental stages, whereas LEV-8* levels gradually increase throughout development. Our work sheds new light on the molecular landscape of AChRs of the C. elegans NMJ."

Journal

Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: A Case of Vasculitis and Severe Neutropenia. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Because of this, heightened vigilance among clinicians is warranted. Here we present an unusual case of levamisole toxicity causing both vasculitis with systemic and cutaneous pathology, including severe neutropenia complicated by septic shock."

Journal • Agranulocytosis • ANCA Vasculitis • CNS Disorders • Dermatopathology • Granulocytopenia • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Inflammatory Arthritis • Musculoskeletal Pain • Neutropenia • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Rheumatology • Septic Shock • Vasculitis

Ultrasensitive Tracking of Dual Antiparasitics in Living Tissues: UPLC-MS/MS Reveals Synergistic Distribution of Oxyclozanide and Levamisole Hydrochloride. (PubMed, Anal Chem) - "The three-dimensional complementarity (spatial targeting, temporal kinetics, and clearance pathways) provides a mechanistic basis for enhanced anthelmintic efficacy and informs the optimization of withdrawal periods. This work establishes a paradigm for the preclinical evaluation of veterinary drug combinations."

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Increase in anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks in Ireland. (PubMed, Ir Vet J) - No abstract available

Journal

Immunoregulatory effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis QC08 on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. (PubMed, Food Sci Biotechnol) - "animalis QC08 on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in male Kunming mice, randomly divided into five groups: normal, control, positive control (levamisole hydrochloride, 40 mg/kg), low-dose QC08 (2 × 108 CFU/kg), and high-dose QC08 (2 × 1010 CFU/kg). These results demonstrate that QC08 effectively ameliorates CTX-induced immunosuppression by modulating immune responses and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, supporting the potential of B. animalis subsp. animalis QC08 for immune-enhancing health food development."

Journal • Preclinical • CLDN1 • IL4 • IL6 • TJP1 • TNFA

A Rare Case of Severe Disseminated Pyoderma Gangrenosum of the Upper Body With Concurrent Nasopharyngeal and Inferior Orbital Wall Necrosis. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Cyclosporine was avoided because of his metastatic cancer, and both percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement and parenteral nutrition were deferred due to infection risk and concern for pathergy...The absence of vasculitides or cytopenias, combined with biopsy findings, supported PG as the unifying diagnosis. Clinicians should consider PG in atypical facial or upper-body ulcerations and recognize how comorbid conditions may restrict standard treatment."

Journal • Dermatology • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Genito-urinary Cancer • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Oncology • Otorhinolaryngology • Pyoderma Gangrenosum • Renal Cell Carcinoma • Solid Tumor • Vasculitis

Ameliorative effect of refined polysaccharides from bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury in mice by regulating linoleic acid metabolism (PubMed, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi) - "Fifty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: a normal group, a model group, a group of crude polysaccharides from bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma(1 200 mg·kg~(-1)), a group of refined polysaccharides from bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma(842 mg·kg~(-1)), and a positive control group(40 mg·kg~(-1) levamisole hydrochloride), with 10 mice in each group. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that both crude polysaccharides and refined polysaccharides from bran-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma can ameliorate cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury, with refined polysaccharides showing superior efficacy. Its mechanism of action is closely related to the linoleic acid metabolism pathway."

Journal • Preclinical • Oncology • IL1B • IL6 • MUC2 • OCLN • TJP1 • TNFA

Meta-analysis of levamisole absorption and disposition across diverse species using a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. (PubMed, J Pharm Investig) - "Minimal PBPK modeling offers advantageous comparison of interspecies determinants of levamisole PK. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40005-025-00770-6."

Journal • PK/PD data • Retrospective data

Withania somnifera root extract reduces susceptibility of the model worm Caenorhabditis elegans to different types of stressors. (PubMed, bioRxiv) - "Previous exposure of worms to WSRE conferred prophylactic benefit on them in face of subsequent challenge with rotenone, MnCl 2 , or levamisole...WSRE can be said to possess a wide anti-stress spectrum as it protected the worms against different stressors inducing toxicity through different mechanisms including interference with acetylcholine and dopamine neurons and function. Our results support the candidature of W. somnifera roots as a potent nutraceutical."

Journal

Exploring the Anthelmintic, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Potential of Khaya grandifoliola and Faidherbia albida Extract Combinations: In Vitro Studies on Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Caenorhabditis elegans. (PubMed, J Parasitol Res) - "Combination 2 and Combination 3 with percentage inhibitions of 98.61 ± 0.98 and 99.14 ± 0.60, respectively, for H. polygyrus and C. elegans did not show a significant difference with respect to albendazole and levamisole. However, nematodes differ in structure, composition, and physiology. Further in vivo studies are needed to understand how Combination 2 affects nematode larvae."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease

Resistance reversion after Haemonchus contortus replacement in a sheep flock: monitoring of benzimidazole and levamisole resistance-associated polymorphisms and impact on lamb survival. (PubMed, BMC Vet Res) - No abstract available

Journal

Chiral sensitivity of medetomidine lateral flow immunoassay test strips. (PubMed, Harm Reduct J) - "The veterinary sedative detomidine HCl caused false positives on all the strips at concentrations down to 0.07 mg/mL, and levamisole gave faint test lines (which can be misread as false positives) for almost all the strips at 2 mg/mL. Organizations selecting test strips for public health applications should select strips that can detect both dexmedetomidine and racemic versions of this sedative."

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Activity of antifilarial drugs on microfilaremia in the treatment of loiasis: a systematic review. (PubMed, Parasit Vectors) - "Antifilarial drug efficacy against L. loa microfilaremia varies by dosage and treatment duration, with IVM and DEC demonstrating rapid, high efficacy but presenting safety concerns for hypermicrofilaremic individuals. ALB and MBZ show efficacy with extended treatment but are slower acting. Further research is needed to optimize treatment regimens and assess clinical outcomes beyond microfilaremia reduction."

Journal • Review

CPC01 Eosinophilic cellulitis in the setting of cocaine use. (PubMed, Br J Dermatol) - "Oral prednisolone (0.5 mg kg-1 per day) was commenced, with rapid improvement noted within days. In this case it is also possible that the clinical findings were triggered by a contaminated batch of cocaine, as levamisole-adulterated cocaine can cause autoimmunity syndromes such as drug-induced ANCA. This dangerous recreational drug initiates inflammation through formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, which culminates in pronounced autoimmune responses including ANCA production."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Eosinophilia • Hypotension • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Otorhinolaryngology • Pneumonia • Respiratory Diseases • Sinusitis • CRP

Effect of injectable antioxidants on redox profile after Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccination in Naïve goat kids. (PubMed, Trop Anim Health Prod) - No abstract available

Journal

Seroconversion following varicella vaccination in children and adolescents with nephrotic syndrome. (PubMed, Pediatr Nephrol) - "To conclude, this study demonstrates that varicella vaccination confers seroprotection in approximately two-thirds of children with NS, with low rates of breakthrough varicella."

Journal • Glomerulonephritis • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Varicella Zoster

Vasculopathy and vasculitis associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine: a systematic review. (PubMed, J Autoimmun) - "Levamisole-induced vasculopathy/vasculitis is a distinctive skin-predominant condition with characteristic clinical and serological features. Withdrawal of levamisole is the cornerstone of management."

Journal • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • Leukopenia • Lupus Nephritis • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Vasculitis • MPO

Prevalence and types of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with nephrotic syndrome treated with levamisole. (PubMed, Pediatr Nephrol) - "A significant proportion of patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome receiving > 6-months' therapy with levamisole show positive ANCA, with antigen specificity against myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase and/or proteinase-3. The risk was higher in girls and lower in those receiving concurrent therapy with prednisolone in the past 6-months. Stopping levamisole therapy was associated with resolution of ANCA."

Journal • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • Leukopenia • Nephrology • Pediatrics • Renal Disease • Vasculitis • ELANE • MPO

Hybridization, high genetic diversity, and molecular evidence of drug resistance to albendazole and levamisole in Haemonchus populations infecting goats in Thailand. (PubMed, BMC Vet Res) - "This study revealed the hybrid form of H. contortus and H. placei in goats, high genetic diversity of H. contortus populations, and the presence of albendazole and levamisole resistance. The growing challenge of drug resistance and hybridization in Haemonchus populations demonstrates the urgent need for regulated drug use and the implementation of sustainable management practices."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Chronic Retiform Purpura in the Setting of Levamisole-Tainted Heroin Use: A Diagnostic Challenge. (PubMed, Int J Dermatol) - No abstract available

Journal • Vasculitis

Is routine cocaine testing justified in patients with septal perforation? (PubMed, Rhinology) - "Cocaine inhibits catecholamine reuptake, leading to vasoconstriction, tissue necrosis, and, ultimately, septal damage. Furthermore, the adulterant levamisole, present in up to 80% of seized cocaine in Germany, is a known trigger for vasculitis, compounding this effect (1,2)."

Journal • Vasculitis

Optimized Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin Protocol Plus Sequential Cyclosporine and Levamisole Regimen for Newly Diagnosed Severe Aplastic Anemia: A Single-Arm, Single-Centre, Prospective, Phase 2 Trial (ASH 2023) - P2 | "Front-line sequential optimized rATG protocol with CSA and LMS regimen resulted in encouraging long-term survival. Future randomized studies should evaluate the optimized IST regimen in the treatment of patients with SAA."

Clinical • P2 data • Preclinical • Acute Myelogenous Leukemia • Anemia • Aplastic Anemia • Cerebral Hemorrhage • Hematological Disorders • Hematological Malignancies • Hepatology • Infectious Disease • Leukemia • Oncology

Computational and experimental investigations of novel 1,3-disubstituted thioureas as the dual inhibitor of b-TNAP and b-CAII enzyme for Cancer treatment. (PubMed, Bioorg Chem) - "The derivative exhibited roughly 20 to 25 times more inhibition compared to the standards used, levamisole and acetazolamide, which were selected due to their known inhibitory effects against b-TNAP and b-CA-II, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds obtained positive results from ADMET predictions confirming their accrued pharmacokinetic profiles and drug-likeness properties. This suggests the synthesized compounds can be considered potential lead compounds to synthesize more potential compounds for the treatment of cancer and its associated malignancies."

Journal • Oncology

ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis Due to Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine Use (KIDNEY WEEK 2025) - "Therapeutic management involves induction therapy with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide, and long-term maintenance with rituximab or azathioprine to prevent relapse. Counseling on cocaine cessation is essential to avoid recurrence. The increasing prevalence of levamisole-adulterated cocaine presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, necessitating a high index of suspicion for ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in patients with unexplained renal dysfunction and cocaine use."

Clinical • Acute Kidney Injury • Anemia • Chronic Kidney Disease • Gastroenterology • Glomerulonephritis • Hematological Disorders • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Lupus Nephritis • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Vasculitis • MPO

AI-Assisted Time-to-Event Projection: A Case Study and Broader Potential (ISPOR-EU 2025) - "The use of iterative prompting to a LLM to obtain information on these parameters was tested in a study requiring overall survival with levamisole-based treatment for stage B/C colon cancer. The LLM was able to identify the relevant study, review it, provide a detailed summary of the risk profile of the study population, and "best estimates of the median and mean years these patients could expect to survive without access to the newer treatments"... With structured prompting and provision of some contextual information, LLMs can facilitate the inclusion of clinical input in time-to-event projection analyses. This could be advanced further using APIs to integrate the AI capabilities into agentic tools that streamline the analytic process. The well-known risks of hallucinations and errors remain a concern in such applications, compelling human review and active involvement of clinical experts."

Case study • Clinical • Colon Cancer • Colorectal Cancer • Solid Tumor