Apitox (honeybee venom) / Apimeds - LARVOL DELTA

Potential Inhibitory Effect of the Peptide Melittin Purified from Apis mellifera Venom on CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases of Escherichia coli. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "The peptide fraction of Apitoxin smaller than 10 kDa exhibited a protein band corresponding to Melittin, devoid of higher molecular weight proteins...Conclusions. Melittin is able to inhibit ESBL's hydrolytic activity but not blaCTX-M transcription possibly indicating an effect at the translational or post-translational level."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Suppression of skin lesions and SLE nephritis by increasing Treg in MRL/FASlpr mice by administration of bee venom Apitoxin®. (PubMed, Adv Rheumatol) - "Overall, the results confirmed that Apitoxin® induced clinical improvement in SLE by increasing the proportion of Treg cells and decreasing anti-dsDNA antibodies in the blood, which resulted in therapeutic effects on glomerulonephritis associated with decreased renal infiltration of immune complexes."

Journal • Preclinical • Glomerulonephritis • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Arthritis • Lupus • Lupus Nephritis • Nephrology • Pain • Renal Disease • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • CD4 • FOXP3 • IL2RA

Therapeutic Effects of Nanocoating of Apitoxin (Bee Venom) and Polyvinyl Alcohol Supplemented with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. (PubMed, Pharmaceutics) - "The BV extract displayed higher toxicity to liver tissue (2.3%) with 97.7% viability at 250 μg/mL, compared to nanofilm, which showed 0.09% toxicity and 99.9% viability at the same concentration. the BV nanofilm emerges as a promising alternative medicine, offering an innovative solution for treating various diseases through its high concentration of therapeutically active compounds and effortless targeting delivery."

Journal • Diabetes • Hematological Disorders • Infectious Disease • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF AFRICANIZED BEE (Apis mellifera) ENVENOMATION IN HORSES. (PubMed, Toxicon) - "Many cases of massive bee envenomation have been documented in both humans and animals, particularly in dogs. Understanding the mechanism of action of apitoxin, its effects on various tissues, and the ideal therapy for each patient has proven crucial for improving survival rates."

Journal • Hematological Disorders • Renal Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Bee Venom Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Apitoxin Applications and Safety Enhancement Strategies. (PubMed, Pharmaceuticals (Basel)) - "The immunogenic properties of bee venom necessitate ongoing research to mitigate allergic reactions, ensuring its safe and effective use in medical practice. This review summarizes the current state of research on bee venom therapy, highlighting its potential benefits and future research directions."

Journal • Review • Allergy • Immunology • Oncology • Pain

Apitoxin or Melittin induces analgesia and reduces Neuroinflammation in Rat Neuropathic Pain Model (IASP 2024) - "Pharmacoacupuncture with both compounds, apitoxin or melittin, appears as an attractive therapy for chronic pain control due to its efficacy and prolonged duration of pain relief. Also, pharmacoacupuncture can modulate important markers of inflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system. It was also possible to determine that the analgesia promoted by pharmacoacupuncture is mediated via the endogenous opioid pathway and that the treatment can recover the CSA, increasing the capacity for post-injury recovery."

Preclinical • Inflammation • Neuralgia • Pain • ATF3 • FAP • GFAP

Bee chitosan nanoparticles loaded with apitoxin as a novel approach to eradication of common human bacterial, fungal pathogens and treating cancer. (PubMed, Front Microbiol) - "The morphological changes were clear in a concentration-dependent manner, and the ability of the cells was 250 to 500 μg mL-1. These results revealed that Api@ChB NPs may be a promising natural nanotreatment for common human pathogens."

Journal • Colon Cancer • Colorectal Cancer • Gastrointestinal Cancer • Hepatology • Infectious Disease • Liver Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Bee Venom: Composition and Anticancer Properties. (PubMed, Toxins (Basel)) - "The interaction of BV peptides and enzymes with the plasma membrane is a crucial step in the whole process. However, before its possible application as a remedy, it is crucial to identify the correct route of exposure and dosage of BV and MEL for potential therapeutic use as well as potential side effects on normal cells and tissues to avoid any possible adverse event."

Journal • Review • Hematological Malignancies • Leukemia • Oncology • Solid Tumor

Bee Venom Toxic Effect on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells and Caenorhabditis Elegans. (PubMed, Anticancer Agents Med Chem) - "Thus, due to its potential toxic effect and induction of allergic reactions, using bee venom as a therapeutic approach has been limited. The development of controlled-release drug strategies to improve this natural product's efficacy and safety should be intensified."

Journal • Allergy • Breast Cancer • Oncology • Solid Tumor • SOD3

Standardized guidelines for Africanized honeybee venom production needed for development of new apilic antivenom. (PubMed, J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev) - "This process involved extracting, purifying, fractionating, characterizing, and identifying the venom (apitoxin) employing mass spectrometry to generate standardized antigen for hyperimmunization of horses using the major toxins (melittin and its isoforms and phospholipase A2). The current guide describes standardization of the entire production chain of venom antigens in compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP) required by regulatory agencies. Emphasis is placed upon the welfare of bees and horses during this process, as well as the development of a new biopharmaceutical to ultimately save lives."

Journal • Review

An Updated Review Summarizing the Anticancer Efficacy of Melittin from Bee Venom in Several Models of Human Cancers. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "We are mainly focused on exploring the potential of melittin (a peptide component) of bee venom that has shown promising potential in the treatment of several human cancers, including breast, stomach, lung, prostate, ovary, kidney, colon, gastric, esophageal, cervical cancers, melanoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review has summarized all potential studies related to the anticancerous efficacy of melittin (apitoxin), its formulations, conjugates, and nano-formulations against several human carcinomas, which would further pave the way for future researchers in developing potent drugs for cancer management."

Journal • Review • Cervical Cancer • Gastrointestinal Cancer • Hepatocellular Cancer • Melanoma • Oncology • Osteosarcoma • Sarcoma • Solid Tumor

Apitoxin alleviates methyl mercury-induced peripheral neurotoxicity in male rats by regulating dorsal root ganglia neuronal degeneration and oxidative stress. (PubMed, Biomed Pharmacother) - "BV modified the immunostaining of Iba-1, SOX10, neurofilament, pan-neuron, and vimentin-positive index ratio in the DRG of the MeHgCl group. Our findings acknowledged that BV could enhance in vivo neuroprotective effects against MeHgCl-induced DRGs damage in male rats."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Oncology • CAT • IL10 • IL1B • SOX10 • TNFA • VIM

Pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of honey bee venom. (PubMed, Saudi Pharm J) - "Honey bee venom or apitoxin is produced in the venom gland in the honey bee abdomen...Nowadays, BV or its components separately, are used for the treatment of various diseases in different countries as a natural medicine with limited side effects. Consequently, scientists as well as several pharmaceutical companies are trying to get a new understanding about BV, its substances and its activity for more effective use of this natural remedy in modern medicine."

Journal • Review • Back Pain • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Oncology • Pain • Rheumatology

Bee Products as Interesting Natural Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Common Cardiovascular Diseases. (PubMed, Nutrients) - "Apitherapy is a form of alternative therapy that relies on the use of bee products, i.e., honey, royal jelly, propolis, pollen, and bee venom (known as apitoxin), for the prevention and treatment of various diseases...This mini-review of papers identified in various electronic databases describes new aspects of the bioactivity of certain bee products, viz. bee pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, propolis, and bee bread, as natural interesting products for the prevention and treatment of common CVDs."

Journal • Review • Cardiovascular

Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Properties of Bee Venom Extracts and Melittins of Honey Bees. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "Bee venom (BV), or apitoxin, is a complex substance produced by a gland in the abdominal cavity of bees...Furthermore, the A. cerana venom extract showed the highest activity against the tested bacteria, followed by A. mellifera, A. florea, and A. dorsata. Therefore, A. cerana venom may be further developed for use in medical applications as a potential alternative agent against Gram-positive bacteria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Molecular characterization of the anticancer properties associated with bee venom and its components in glioblastoma multiforme. (PubMed, Chem Biol Interact) - "Quantification by qRT-PCR showed increased expression levels of long non-coding RNAs RP11-838N2.4 and XIST in glioma cells treated with either bee venom or melittin. Overall, this study provides preliminary insight on molecular mechanisms via which bee venom and its main components can impact viability of glioma cells and warrants further investigation of its anticancer potential in gliomas."

Journal • Brain Cancer • Glioblastoma • Glioma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • BAK1 • XIST

Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. (PubMed, AMB Express) - "Honeybee venom (Apitoxin, BV), a secretion substance expelled from the venom gland of bees, has being reported as antimicrobial against various bacterial species; however, the mechanism of action remains uncharacterized...According to Transmission Electron Microscopy results, the deformation of the cell wall was evident for all species. This implies a common mechanism of action of the BV which is as follows: the cell wall destruction, change of membrane permeability, leakage of cell contents, inactivation of metabolic activity and finally cell death."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Voltammetric determination of heavy metals in honey bee venom using hanging mercury drop electrode and PLA/carbon conductive filament for 3D printer. (PubMed, Monatsh Chem) - "Heavy metals are metabolized and incorporated into bee products, including honey and honey bee venom (apitoxin)...The results achieved using HMDE were recorded with average relative standard deviation (RSD) 5.4% (from 3.2% to 8.6%) and using PLA-C 11.8% (from 6.5% to 18.0%). The results achieved using both electrodes proved to be equivalent with statistical probability higher than 95%."

Journal • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Bee Venom in Wound Healing. (PubMed, Molecules) - "The effect of BV on the wounds has been proved by numerous studies, which revealed that BV in the wound healing process brings about a curative effect and could be applied as a new potential treatment for wound repair. However, therapy with bee venom may induce allergic reactions, so it is necessary to assess the existence of the patient's hypersensitivity to apitoxin before treatment."

Journal • Review • Allergy • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Arthritis • Metabolic Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Pain • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Rheumatology • CASP3 • CASP8 • CASP9 • IL6 • TGFB1

Emerging therapeutic modality enhancing the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. (PubMed, Cancer Treat Res Commun) - "The current work aimed to evaluate bee venom (BV) cytotoxic effect and its synergistic action when combined with cisplatin (CIS) against four types of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines...Moreover, a significant decrease in cells in S phases among all single and combined treatments when matched with vehicle-treated. Briefly, the findings of the present study suggest that BV can exert an anti-cancer effect on HNSCC and may have the potentiality for potentiation of CIS cytotoxic effects and reduction of its adverse effects."

IO Biomarker • Journal • Preclinical • Head and Neck Cancer • Lymphoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck • BAX • BCL2 • EGFR • PCR

A unique snake venom neuritogenesis mechanism: A cornerstone in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases?: An Editorial Highlight for "Transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses reveal a novel neuritogenesis mechanism of Naja naja venom α-elapitoxin post binding to TrkA receptor of rat pheochromocytoma cells" on https:/doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15153. (PubMed, J Neurochem) - "The authors discuss their findings in the context of the paradoxical neurite outgrowth properties of this toxin which originate in their unique receptor binding site. This study takes an important step towards a better understanding of the complexity of neuronal development and maintenance of the nervous system and provides a potential target to improve neurotrophic signaling, independent of endogenous growth factors, in the diseased brain."

Journal • Preclinical • CNS Disorders • Neuroendocrine Tumor • Oncology • Solid Tumor • NGF • NTRK • NTRK1

In-depth characterization of antibacterial activity of melittin against Staphylococcus aureus and use in a model of non-surgical MRSA-infected skin wounds. (PubMed, Eur J Pharm Sci) - "In this context, melittin, the main component of apitoxin, has a potent antibacterial effect...Melittin interacts synergistically with beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, and its ability to form pores in the membrane reverses the resistance of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) to amoxicillin, and vancomycin...In vivo, a ointment containing melittin reduced bacterial load and the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 beta. Collectively, these data point to melittin as a potential candidate for topical formulations aimed at the treatment of non-surgical infections caused by MRSA."

Journal • Dermatology • IL1B • IL6 • TNFA

Evaluation of an IgY-based antivenom against apitoxin from honeybees. (PubMed, Toxicon) - No abstract available

Journal

Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens. (PubMed, Antibiotics (Basel)) - "The MIC values ranged from 256 to 1024 µg/mL in S. enterica and from 16 to 32 µg/mL in L. monocytogenes. The results of this study demonstrate that apitoxin is a potential alternative agent against common foodborne pathogens, and it can be included in the development of new models to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the food chain."

Journal • Complement-mediated Rare Disorders

Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of α-Elapitoxin-Na1a, a novel Short-Chain Postsynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Chinese Cobra (Naja atra). (PubMed, Biochem Pharmacol) - "α-EPTX-Na1a (30-300 nM) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect-twitches, with a t value of 17 ± 2 min at 300 nM, and abolished contractile responses to exogenous acetylcholine and carbachol, in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. In conclusion, α-EPTX-Na1a is a potent, pseudo-irreversible, short-chain neurotoxin. The high prevalence of α-EPTX-Na1a in Chinese N. atra venom is likely to explain the mild neurotoxicity experienced by envenomed patients."

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