ACAM2000 (smallpox (vaccinia) live vaccine) / Emergent Biosolutions - LARVOL DELTA

Monkeypox: Prevention Strategies and Challenges: Updated Review. (PubMed, Health Sci Rep) - "The JYNNEOS vaccine, ACAM2000 vaccine, and MVABN also known as Imvamune vaccinations have now been investigated and authorized for usage during mpox epidemics in different locations. Tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir which had previously shown promise against OPXV were used as antivirals during the 2022 outbreak...To effectively reduce the global transmission of mpox, the WHO should prioritize strategies that enhance early detection of the illness, careful administration of antiviral treatments, and focused vaccination initiatives for high-risk groups or wider immunization in areas where the disease is common. Furthermore, it is crucial to establish preventive measures, conduct educational outreach, and implement robust healthcare policies."

Journal • Allergy • Atopic Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Measles • Varicella Zoster

Mpox: Global epidemic situation and countermeasures. (PubMed, Virulence) - "Several vaccines (such as ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, LC16m8, and genetically engineered vaccines) and antiviral drugs (such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir, and varicella immunoglobulin intravenous injection) have been developed and marketed to prevent and control this disease. This review aims to introduce the epidemic situation, epidemiological characteristics, physiological and pathological characteristics, and preventive measures for mpox in detail, to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mpox viruses worldwide."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Varicella Zoster

Navigating monkeypox: identifying risks and implementing solutions. (PubMed, Open Vet J) - "Three major orthopoxvirus vaccines have been approved to serve as a preventive measure against monkeypox: LC16, JYNNEOS, and ACAM2000...Research and studies are still being conducted to gain a deeper understanding of this zoonotic viral disease. This review is therefore focused on deciphering monkeypox, its etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, and control."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Pain

Pandemic Preparedness: A Meta-Analysis of Transmission, Mortality, and Vaccination Strategies for COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah, and Smallpox (IARS-SOCCA 2025) - "For analysis of smallpox vaccine complications, data were pooled using a random-effects model, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess risk differences between ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS... This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the transmission, mortality, and vaccination strategies for COVID-19, Mpox, Nipah, and Smallpox. It also offers an in-depth review of smallpox vaccine complications in vulnerable populations. The findings emphasize the need for tailored vaccination strategies based on the risk profiles of each population group, particularly when considering vaccines with differing safety and efficacy profiles."

Retrospective data • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Pediatrics

Examining homology between MPXV and immunogenic VACV-derived peptides. (PubMed, Vaccine) - "Current vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis against MPXV consists of live vaccinia whole virus-based vaccines including ACAM2000®, JYNNEOS™, and LC16m8 originally developed against smallpox...Our results also suggest the utility of VACV-derived peptides for an mpox peptide-based vaccine candidate. The development of peptide-based vaccines against MPXV could offer significant advantages over currently available vaccines, such as no cold chain requirement, stability, and reduced manufacturing costs."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Short-Lived Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Monkeypox Virus in Smallpox Vaccine-Naive Persons after JYNNEOS Vaccination. (PubMed, Emerg Infect Dis) - "One donor previously received the ACAM2000 vaccine; 7 donors were smallpox vaccine-naive. MPXV PRNT titers were especially low; no naive donors demonstrated 90% plaque reduction. These data indicate a need for improved correlates of MPXV immunity to enable MVA-BN durability studies, given that recent clinical data support MVA-BN vaccine efficacy against MPXV despite low antibody responses."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Recombinant chimeric horsepox virus (TNX-801) is attenuated relative to vaccinia virus strains in both in vitro and in vivo models. (PubMed, mSphere) - "The two FDA-approved vaccines, ACAM-2000 and JYNNEOS, have important advantages and disadvantages...Here, we show that TNX-801 is >10- to 1,000-fold attenuated in in vitro and in vivo models including human primary cells and immunocompromised murine models than vaccine strains utilized in smallpox eradication. The natural attenuation of TNX-801 and its ability to induce protective immunity via a single vaccination are promising and warrants further development."

Journal • Preclinical • Infectious Disease • IFNAR1

Mpox-diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and prognosis (PubMed, Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed) - "Treatment is primarily supportive, although antiviral agents such as tecovirimat and cidofovir have shown a certain efficacy. Vaccination is an important protective measure; MVA-BN and ACAM2000 are among the available vaccines. Prognosis depends on the clade, the access to medical care, and the underlying health status. Immunocompromised persons and children are at a higher risk of a severe course."

Journal • Dermatology • Infectious Disease • Musculoskeletal Pain • Pain • Varicella Zoster

Update on Mpox Management: Epidemiology, Vaccines and Therapeutics, and Regulatory Changes. (PubMed, Drugs) - "There are two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines for the prevention of mpox disease, JynneosTM and ACAM2000®...Tecovirimat, while FDA-approved for smallpox and available in the European Union for mpox, has shown mixed results in recent trials, with new data suggesting limited effectiveness in Clade I infections and emergence of new mutations with resistance to this drug. Brincidofovir and Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous offer additional treatment options, particularly for severe cases, although their use is constrained by regulatory and logistical challenges...These updates underscore the critical need for continued research to enhance therapeutic outcomes and adapt public health strategies. Ensuring equitable access to vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics remains a significant challenge as the global community responds to the evolving mpox situation."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Mpox global health emergency: Insights into the virus, immune responses, and advancements in vaccines PART II: Insights into the advancements in vaccines. (PubMed, Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol) - "Current Mpox vaccines are all live-attenuated, previously approved for smallpox, and are classified into non-replicating (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic or MVA-BN) and replicating vaccines (Lister clone16m8 KM Biologic or LC16m8KMB and Acambis2000 or ACAM2000). Importantly, the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of addressing vaccine disparities and improving global access. Transformative approaches are being explored to overcome this challenge and to enhance access in low- and middle-income countries."

Journal • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of Virology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment, and Artificial Intelligence Applications. (PubMed, Arch Acad Emerg Med) - "JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are among the vaccines most commonly recommended for the prevention of Mpox. Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, and Tecovirimat are the primary treatments for Mpox cases. Similar to other viral infections, the best approach to managing Mpox is prevention. This can, in part, be achieved through measures such as reducing contact with individuals displaying symptoms, maintaining personal safety, and adhering to practices commonly used to prevent sexually transmitted infections."

Journal • Review • Dermatology • Infectious Disease

Pathological skin manifestations following smallpox vaccination (ACAM2000) in US military personnel, 2009-2023: a systematic review. (PubMed, Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)) - "Although rare, clinically significant skin lesions can occur after ACAM2000 administration. A feared complication of progressive vaccinia has been reported; however, to determine its causal relationship, further clinical trials are required to provide universal guidelines."

Journal • Review • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Immunology • Vasculitis

Filling the gaps in universal access to Mpox preventative programmes among people affected by HIV: reflections on implementation of Mpox vaccination policies across Australia, Taiwan and the United Kingdom (AIDS 2024) - "Gender-neutral language use, government-community partnerships and evidence-informed health communications in Mpox prevention, care and recovery are critical for countries to establish preparedness for ongoing syndemics of Mpox and HIV. When planning Mpox vaccination scale-up, countries should always put people first by co-producing accessible, equitable and stigma-free programmes with populations affected by HIV."

Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease • CD4

Non-clinical evidence supporting the upcoming CLD-201 clinical trial: Cell-based oncolytic virotherapy for multiple solid tumors. (ASCO 2024) - "Prior clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of autologous stem cells loaded with Vaccinia virus CAL1 (ACAM2000) in multiple tumor types, especially when combined with checkpoint inhibitors. CLD-201 offers several important advantages over the autologous approach, including enhanced potency through significant viral amplification within the stem cells, improved manufacturing reproducibility, off-the-shelf ability to treat multiple cancer types, and significantly lower cost. Non-clinical studies revealed that both intratumoral and systemic administration were well-tolerated. A phase I non-randomized clinical trial has been designed to evaluate the safety and initial anti-tumor effects of intratumoral administration of CLD-201."

Clinical • Oncolytic virus • Breast Cancer • Melanoma • Oncology • Solid Tumor • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Triple Negative Breast Cancer • CD4 • CD8

Treatment and Vaccination for Smallpox and Monkeypox. (PubMed, Adv Exp Med Biol) - "For this reason, new antivirals (cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat) and new vaccines (ACAM2000, LC16m8 and Modified Vaccine Ankara MVA) were developed...Further antivirals (NIOCH-14 and ST-357) and vaccines (VACΔ6 and TNX-801) are being developed in Russia and the USA. In conclusion, further research for treatment and prevention of orthopox infections is needed and is already in progress. After a brief introduction, this chapter presents the smallpox and mpox disease and thereafter full overviews on antiviral treatment and vaccination including the passive immunization with vaccinia immunoglobulins."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

The global patent landscape of emerging infectious disease monkeypox. (PubMed, BMC Infect Dis) - "Monkeypox-related therapeutic innovation is geographically limited with strong international intellectual property right barriers though it has increased rapidly in recent years. The transparent licensing of patent knowledge is driven by the merger and acquisition model, and the venture capital, intellectual property and contract research organization model. Currently, the patent thicket phenomenon in the monkeypox field may slow the progress of efforts to combat monkeypox. Enterprises should pay more attention to the sharing of technical knowledge, make full use of drug repurposing strategies, and promote innovation of monkeypox-related technology in hotspots of antivirals (such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir), vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000), herbal medicine and gene therapy."

Journal • Gene Therapies • Infectious Disease

Comparison of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ACAM2000, MVA, and vectored subunit vaccines for Mpox in rhesus macaques. (PubMed, Sci Transl Med) - "Protection correlated with neutralizing antibody responses as well as L1R/M1R- and B5R/B6R-specific binding antibody responses, although additional immune responses likely also contributed to protection. This study demonstrates the protective efficacy of multiple vaccine platforms against mpox virus challenge, including both current clinical vaccines and vectored subunit vaccines."

Journal

An overview on mRNA-based vaccines to prevent monkeypox infection. (PubMed, J Nanobiotechnology) - "Cross-protection against Mpox is effective with two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved smallpox vaccines (ACAM2000 and JYNNEOSTM)...When protecting against Mpox infection, mRNA vaccines are pretty efficient and may one day replace the present whole-virus vaccines. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the ongoing research, development, and testing of an mRNA vaccine against Mpox."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease • Respiratory Diseases

Managing Monkeypox Virus Infections: A Contemporary Review. (PubMed, Iran J Med Sci) - "To prevent the disease, vaccines such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are available, but they are not accessible to all people in the world, and their effectiveness and safety need further investigation...The disease therapy is based on medicines such as brincidofovir, cidofovir, and Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous. The injectable format of tecovirimat was approved recently, in May 2022. Considering the importance of clinical care in this disease, awareness about the side effects of medicines, nutrition, care for conjunctivitis, skin rash, washing and bathing at home, and so on can be useful in controlling and managing the disease."

Journal • Review • Conjunctivitis • Dermatology • Fatigue • Infectious Disease • Ocular Infections • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Pain

Monkeypox: Can we count on the current smallpox immunization? (PubMed, Virology) - "Two vaccines ACAM 2000 and JYNNEOS have obtained approval from the Food and Drug Administration as preventive measures against monkeypox, contributing significantly to the management of the monkeypox epidemic...Amino acid substitutions within B cell epitopes were observed in 26 of these antigens, with at least half of the antigen substitutions occurring within B cell epitopes in 20 out of the 26 antigens analyzed. These findings may raise potential concerns regarding the efficacy of these vaccines."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Update on monkeypox virus infection: Focusing current treatment and prevention approaches. (PubMed, Fundam Clin Pharmacol) - "This review highlights the pathogenesis of the virus, disease manifestations, drugs, and vaccines that are being used and those under pipeline for the treatment and prevention of Mpox."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease • Novel Coronavirus Disease

Recent Advances in the Prevention and Management of Monkeypox Viral Infection in Humans. (PubMed, Curr Drug Targets) - "We have, herein, covered features of monkeypox viral biology that are important for risk assessment and getting ready for an outbreak of the monkeypox virus, with a focus on recent advances in knowledge of the virus's host range, evolutionary potential, and potential targets for neutralization."

Journal • Infectious Disease

Molecular epidemiology, transmission and clinical features of 2022-mpox outbreak: A systematic review. (PubMed, Health Sci Rep) - "Brincidofovir is approved for the treatment of smallpox by FDA (USA). Two vaccines, including JYNNEOSTM and ACAM2000®, are approved and used for pre- and post-prophylaxis in cases...Isolates from B.1 lineage were the most predominant followed by B.1.2 and B.1.10. This study will add integrated knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission of mpox."

Journal • Review • Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Infectious Disease

Monkeypox Virus: A comprehensive narrative review. (PubMed, Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)) - "The vaccines that have been approved by Food and Drug Administration to date is ACAM2000 and JYNNEOS. Several diagnostic methods exist, among which polymerase chain reaction has proven to be the most specific and sensitive. In this review, we will discuss its epidemiology, the clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, complications, treatment approaches and preventive measures."

Journal • Review • Infectious Disease

Immunogenicity and Safety of Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Vaccine-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (PubMed, Vaccines (Basel)) - "All but one (ACAM2000) compared MVA with placebo...Further studies are needed to confirm the immunogenicity of a single dose and its clinical effectiveness. A single vaccine dose may be considered according to vaccine availability, with preference for two doses."

Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Cardiovascular