Adlyxin (lixisenatide) / Zealand Pharma, Sanofi, Royalty - LARVOL DELTA

The challenges of experimental pharmacology in identifying novel treatments for Parkinson's disease. (PubMed, Curr Opin Neurobiol) - "The drugs discussed are buspirone, JM-010, befiradol, mesdopetam, foliglurax, dipraglurant, tavapadon, prasinezumab, cinpanemab, nilotinib, minzasolmin, exenatide, NLY01, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide. For each molecule, we examine how previous preclinical studies succeeded or failed in predicting efficacy in clinical trials and discuss possible ways to optimize animal-model design and selection to maximize the probability of translational success."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Assessment of lixisenatide-induced nephropathy in chick embryos: Implications for prevention of diabetic kidney disease. (PubMed, Bioinformation) - "Lixisenatide, particularly at high doses, significantly ameliorated these changes, normalizing kidney-to-body ratios and reducing MDA, TNF-α and caspase-3 activity. Thus, we show that lixisenatide directly preserves renal structure and function independent of systemic metabolic control."

Journal • Chronic Kidney Disease • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Inflammation • Nephrology • Renal Disease • CASP3 • TNFA

Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. (PubMed, Ther Adv Neurol Disord) - "However, robust preclinical evidence and promising findings in select subpopulations warrant further RCTs to evaluate their neuroprotective potential, prioritizing long-acting and brain-penetrant agents that effectively engage central GLP-1 circuits for PD treatment. The pre-specified protocol of the present systematic review and meta-analysis has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Ongoing Systematic Reviews PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD420251008703)."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis. (PubMed, Cancers (Basel)) - "In the first analysis, adult patients with pre-existing CP were identified and stratified by use of a GLP-1 RA (semaglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and albiglutide). Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted between GLP1-RA users and non-users, matching for age, sex, race, tobacco use, alcohol use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and pancreatic cysts...Given the elevated cancer risk in CP, these findings suggest a potential beneficial effect of GLP-1RA use in this high-risk population. Prospective studies will be important to further analyze and confirm this potential benefit."

Journal • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Dyslipidemia • Genetic Disorders • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Oncology • Pancreatic Cancer • Pancreatitis • Solid Tumor • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Engineering Marker-Free Lettuce Chloroplast Genome to Express Functional Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Exenatide and Lixisenatide. (PubMed, Plant Biotechnol J) - "GLP-1 receptor binding confirmed functionality of CTB-Exenatide/CTB-Lixisenatide with statistical significance (***p < 0.001 by t-test) and post-translational amidation in chloroplasts. Expression of functional CTB-Exenatide and CTB-Lixisenatide in an edible marker-free system for the first time and much lower dosage requirement for functionality than recently developed synthetic GLP-1RAs paves the way for clinical studies to advance oral delivery of these affordable biologics."

Journal • Cholera • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity

The Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: A Literature Review of Clinical Trials. (PubMed, Life (Basel)) - "In AD, clinical trials suggest that GLP-1RAs such as liraglutide and semaglutide may enhance brain glucose metabolism, facilitate glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier, and benefit neuronal networks...Short-term clinical trials of GLP-1RAs, including exenatide and lixisenatide, demonstrated promising effects on motor and selected non-motor symptoms in patients with PD, but their disease-modifying effects remain unproven...Despite promising findings, small study populations, heterogeneous protocols, and short observation periods limit definitive conclusions. Further larger, long-term studies are needed, particularly to clarify the risk-benefit balance, weight control, and long-term outcomes."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Obesity • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 Signalling as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. (PubMed, Int J Mol Sci) - "We also compare the therapeutic potential of key GLP-1 agonists, including exendin-4, liraglutide, semaglutide, lixisenatide, and emerging dual agonists. By integrating biochemical, preclinical, and clinical domains, this review provides a comprehensive framework for interpreting the current evidence and guiding the future development of incretin-based neuroprotective strategies in PD."

Journal • Review • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Basic Science and Pathogenesis. (PubMed, Alzheimers Dement) - "The GLP-1 RAs exhibit neuroprotective mechanisms through anti-inflammatory actions, enhancing synaptic function and reducing amyloid plaque formation. These findings warrant further clinical trials to establish their efficacy and safety in humans. The comparison of in vivo studies highlights the positive impact of GLP-1 RAs on cognition, learning, memory, and reducing AD pathology, suggesting their potential as first-line treatments for AD patients."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Psychiatry • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. (PubMed, Ther Adv Psychopharmacol) - "These results provides the impetus for large, long-term, randomized controlled trials for GLP-1 RAs for the treatment of various mental disorders. This review is not registered in PROSPERO or any other registry."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Bipolar Disorder • CNS Disorders • Depression • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • Mental Retardation • Metabolic Disorders • Mood Disorders • Movement Disorders • Nicotine Addiction • Obesity • Parkinson's Disease • Psychiatry • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 agonists in neurodegeneration: a multimodal biomarker-guided approach. (PubMed, Trends Mol Med) - "Agents such as exenatide, lixisenatide, and liraglutide have demonstrated disease-modifying potential in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we review the mechanistic links between GLP1-RA signaling and neurodegeneration, summarize the evolving clinical evidence, and highlight emerging blood-based and molecular biomarkers, including those tied to insulin signaling, neurodegeneration, and metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction, that may accelerate therapeutic development. Integrating these biomarkers with digital phenotyping and artificial intelligence could enable precision approaches to advance GLP1-RA research and clinical use in neurodegeneration."

Biomarker • Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

CER-4-T2D: Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study (clinicaltrials.gov) - P=N/A | N=781430 | Active, not recruiting | Sponsor: Brigham and Women's Hospital | Trial completion date: Jul 2024 ➔ Jul 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jul 2024 ➔ Jan 2026

HEOR • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Diabetic Nephropathy • Metabolic Disorders • Nephrology • Renal Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Assessing the shadows: A meta-analysis of GLP-1 agonists and suicidal ideation. (PubMed, Medicine (Baltimore)) - "No significant statistical difference was found between GLP-1 agonists and other obesity and diabetes drugs regarding suicide/suicidal ideation. In a subgroup analysis, suicide was higher in patients on liraglutide compared to semaglutide, with no significant difference between semaglutide and monjaro. Randomized controlled trials that assess the association between GLP-1 agonists and suicidality are highly recommended."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Psychiatry • Suicidal Ideation

GLP-1 receptor agonists in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: endocrine pathways, clinical evidence, and future directions. (PubMed, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)) - "Early clinical trials in AD have produced mixed cognitive signals, though they have shown intriguing biological effects, such as preserved cerebral glucose metabolism with liraglutide on FDG-PET scans. In contrast, the evidence in PD has been more consistent, with agents like exenatide and lixisenatide demonstrating motor benefits, although one trial with a pegylated exendin (NLY01) did not meet its primary endpoint. The definitive test will come from large, ongoing phase 3 programs, such as the EVOKE and EVOKE+ trials for semaglutide. Should these trials are successful, GLP-1RAs could become a cornerstone of earlier, mechanism-based intervention strategies for neurodegenerative diseases."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Movement Disorders • Obesity • Parkinson's Disease • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Advances in Neurological Therapies: A Review of Clinical Trials in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Multiple Sclerosis. (PubMed, Am J Med) - "In Alzheimer's disease, anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies (donanemab, lecanemab) achieved regulatory approval, establishing a new treatment paradigm despite modest efficacy and risks of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). In Parkinson's disease, GLP-1 receptor agonists (lixisenatide) demonstrated the first convincing disease modification signals in Phase II trials...Collectively, these findings herald a new era of disease-modifying therapy in neurology, though current gains remain limited and dependent on biomarker stratification and safety monitoring. The challenge ahead is translating these successes into accessible, sustainable clinical benefits."

Journal • Review • Alzheimer's Disease • CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Parkinson's Disease

Exploring the Evidence for Personalized Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes-A Systematic Review. (PubMed, J Pers Med) - " We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published from the earliest available records to 18 August 2025 using the following Boolean search terms: "miRNA AND gliclazide", "miRNA AND glibenclamide", "miRNA AND gliquidone", "miRNA AND glimepiride", "mirRNA AND metformin", "miRNA AND pioglitazone", "miRNA AND rosiglitazone", "miRNA AND sitagliptin", "miRNA AND vildagliptin", "miRNA AND alogliptin", "miRNA and saxagliptin", "miRNA AND linagliptin", "miRNA AND liraglutide", "miRNA and dulaglutide", "miRNA AND semaglutide", "miRNA AND tirzepatide", "miRNA AND lixisenatide", "miRNA AND empagliflozin", "miRNA AND dapagliflozin", miRNA AND insulin glargine", "miRNA AND insulin detemir", "miRNA AND insulin degludec", "miRNA AND..."

Journal • Review • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Seizure recurrence after GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation in adults with epilepsy. (PubMed, Epilepsia) - "In this large multinational cohort, GLP-1 RA initiation was associated with reduced risks of seizure recurrence, hospitalization, and mortality compared with other glucose-lowering therapies. These hypothesis-generating findings warrant confirmation in prospective studies before translation into clinical practice."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Diabetes • Epilepsy • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Reduce Dementia Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis (AHA 2025) - "For all-cause dementia versus control according to the SUCRA: albiglutide (RR: 0.03, 95% CrI: 0.00 to 0.08; SUCRA: 94.4%), lixisenatide (RR: 0.08, 95% CrI: 0.00 to 0.20; SUCRA: 93.62%), efpeglenatide (RR: 0.24, 95% CrI: 0.00 to 1.38; SUCRA: 70.09%), canagliflozin (RR: 0.31, 95% CrI: 0.01 to 1.47; SUCRA: 61.81%), semaglutide (RR: 0.50, 95% CrI: 0.03 to 1.98; SUCRA: 50.06%), liraglutide (RR: 2.12, 95% CrI: 0.02 to 9.89; SUCRA: 41.91%), empagliflozin (RR: 0.68, 95% CrI: 0.05 to 2.35; SUCRA: 39.63%), exenatide (RR: 4.13, 95% CrI: 0.02 to 20.28; SUCRA: 35.41%), dulaglutide (RR: 3.38, 95% CrI: 0.03 to 15.72; SUCRA: 32.89%), dapagliflozin (RR: 1.19, 95% CrI: 0.09 to 4.96; SUCRA: 30.37%), ertugliflozin (RR: 6.79, 95% CrI: 0.02 to 29.23; SUCRA: 30.1%), control (SUCRA: 19.67%). GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is reduce dementia risk, with albiglutide and lixisenatide excelling for all-cause dementia, dapagliflozin and ertugliflozin for vascular dementia, and dulaglutide for Alzheimer's...."

Retrospective data • Alzheimer's Disease • Cardiovascular • CNS Disorders • Dementia • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Evaluation of metformin, insulin, lixisenatide, and photobiomodulation treatments in two model of diabetic retinopathy. (Neuroscience 2025) - "In db/db mice, PBM also led to a reduction in neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, comparable to the effects observed with semaglutide treatment. These findings highlight PBM as a promising complementary therapy that could enhance the efficacy of existing pharmacological approaches for diabetic retinopathy."

CNS Disorders • GFAP

Examining the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease reveals functional benefits and reduction in neuroinflammation (Neuroscience 2025) - "GO analysis showed a reduction of inflammatory signalling and astrocyte-related pathways among the rescued genes in both brain regions. In summary, we found that GLP-1R agonists, Lixisenatide and Semaglutide, were effective in rescuing PD-like phenotypes, reducing alpha-Synuclein pathology, and decreasing neuroinflammation."

CNS Disorders • Movement Disorders • Parkinson's Disease

Trends in Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist Prescribing in England: A Data Analysis Using NHS Prescription Episodes Statistics (PES) (ISPOR-EU 2025) - "Adults (≥18 years) with at least one GLP-1 receptor agonist prescription (dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, or trizepatide) from 2021 to 2024 were included. This analysis highlights significant growth in GLP-1 receptor agonist use and prescribing costs in England. Semaglutide has emerged as the dominant agent, with trizepatide showing similar potential, indicating shifting prescribing patterns. The findings underscore the growing significance of GLP-1 therapies in managing obesity and diabetes; a trend likely to continue."

Cardiovascular • Diabetes • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity

Dietary Intake in People Using Glucagon-Like-Receptor Agonists (OBESITY WEEK 2025) - "GLP-1 medication data was collected prior to approval of newer GLP-1s indicated for weight management and included lixisenatide (0.8%), albiglutide (2.4%), semaglutide (5.5%), dulaglutide (19.7%), exenatide (28.3%), and liraglutide (43.3%). People using GLP-1s had more significant nutrient gaps in fiber, copper, niacin, and iron compared to people not using GLP-1s. More than 45% of the people surveyed using GLP-1s did not meet recommended intakes for protein and several essential nutrients. Because this study was limited to analysis of mostly older generation GLP-1s, more data is needed to assess dietary intake using the newer generation of GLP-1s indicated for weight loss where energy intake is significantly impacted."

Metabolic Disorders

GLP-1 Agonist Medications Decrease Sexual Desire: A Biopsychosocial Model for Why We Don't 'See' It (OBESITY WEEK 2025) - "Background: While prevailing assumptions suggest that improved body image and erectile function, even in people with diabetes, associated with GLP-1 agonists (semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy), liraglutide (Victoza/Saxenda), dulaglutide (Trulicity), exenatide (Byetta), lixisenatide (Adlyxin)) would correlate with heightened sexual desire and function, there is limited literature on the underlying biological effects of GLP-1 agonists on hedonistic pleasures such as sex. Failing to systematically measure and report on sexual desire and downstream function as a potential adverse outcome of GLP-1 agonist use neglects an essential aspect of patient well-being. Analyzing the unique interplay of the biopsychosocial implications of GLP-1 agonists is novel and important. We recognize that our theoretical model is rooted in a chain of substantiated assumptions."

Biopsy • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders

A Closer Look at FDA Trials: Safety and Efficacy of GLP-1 vs Non-GLP-1 for Obesity and Diabetes (OBESITY WEEK 2025) - " We reviewed US FDA Medical and Statistical reports (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/), focusing on approved GLP-1 weight loss (WM) drugs liraglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and non-GLP-1 agents orlistat, phentermine/topiramate. We also reviewed GLP-1 type 2 diabetes (T2D) drugs semaglutide, tirzepatide, exenatide, lixisenatide, albiglutide... This review of FDA medical and statistical reports suggests that GLP-1 agents, when compared to non-GLP-1 medications for weight management and to placebo in both weight loss and Type 2 diabetes trials, are associated with comparable or lower mortality rates and greater weight reduction. Mortality per patient-exposure year was consistently lower in treatment groups receiving GLP-1 agents. Weight loss outcomes were also more pronounced with GLP-1 therapies across indications."

Clinical • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes (OBESITY WEEK 2025) - " Registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251050613), the review included RCTs, cohort and case-control studies, and pharmacovigilance reports on semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, or lixisenatide used before or during the first trimester. GLP-1 RAs are not recommended during pregnancy due to risks such as spontaneous abortion and preeclampsia. Insulin remains the treatment of choice in pregnant individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although GLP-1 RAs offer preconception metabolic benefits, current evidence does not support their use during gestation."

Review • Diabetes • Genetic Disorders • Gestational Diabetes • Gynecology • Hypertension • Metabolic Disorders • Obesity • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

One-year usage patterns of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes in a real-world population. (PubMed, Diabetes Obes Metab) - "Distinct clinical and biochemical characteristics are associated with poor adherence versus discontinuation. Understanding these patterns is crucial for developing targeted strategies to improve sustained use, ultimately enhancing treatment outcomes for people with type 2 diabetes."

Journal • Real-world evidence • Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus