azathioprine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Treatment Pathways, Switching, and Barriers to Disease-Modifying Therapy in Hispanic Cohort of NMOSD (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Disease-modifying therapy (DMT) exposures (rituximab, eculizumab, inebilizumab, ravulizumab, satralizumab, azathioprine, mycophenolate, interferons, glatiramer), reasons for discontinuation/switch, adherence/logistics, and EDSS trajectories were compiled. ResultsPatients cycled through a median of two DMTs (range: 1-4) before stabilization. In this largely Hispanic cohort, NMOSD treatment pathways were shaped by barriers as much as biology. Logistics failures, intolerance, and drug failure were the main reasons for switching therapies. Strikingly, nearly half of inebilizumab-treated patients experienced breakthrough relapses, diverging from trial outcomes and signaling a need for close monitoring and timely escalation."

CNS Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

CNS Inflammatory Demyelination or Lymphoma? A Case of Epstein-Barr Virus-Related CNS Polymorphic Lymphoproliferative Disorder (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "These cases pose significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical, radiologic, and histologic features with inflammatory demyelinating diseases and CNS lymphoma. . A 75-year-old woman with CREST syndrome, previously treated with methotrexate and azathioprine, had been on mycophenolate mofetil for 11 years...Rituximab (375 mg/m² weekly ×4) induced marked radiologic regression and sustained recovery... CNS-limited EBV-associated polymorphic lymphoproliferative disorder is a rare complication of chronic immunosuppression outside the transplant context. It exhibits a morphologic continuum from inflammatory to neoplastic, and its presentation can mimic demyelinating or neoplastic processes. Repeated biopsy was essential for diagnosis, and targeted B-cell depletion achieved durable remission."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • CNS Lymphoma • Epstein-Barr Virus Infections • Hematological Malignancies • Lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma • Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma • Scleroderma • Systemic Sclerosis • IGH

Azathioprine Increases the Risk of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Among Organ Transplant Recipients; an Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (PubMed, Cancer Rep (Hoboken)) - "Our findings indicate that OTRs treated with AZA are at an increased risk for SCC and NMSC. Therefore, it is recommended to prioritize monitoring for skin cancer in OTRs treated with AZA."

Clinical • Journal • Retrospective data • Review • Basal Cell Carcinoma • Genetic Disorders • Non-melanoma Skin Cancer • Skin Cancer • Solid Tumor • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Transplantation

"Mycophenolate Drives Trypanosoma cruzi Reactivation via CD8+ T Cell Depletion and Splenic and Bone Marrow Architecture Disruption". (PubMed, Acta Trop) - "Using a murine model of chronic T. cruzi infection, we evaluated transplant-relevant immunosuppressants- the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus, the antiproliferative drugs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine) leflunomide and corticosteroids -for their impact on parasite reactivation and host responses. Our findings reveal that T. cruzi reactivation risk is drug-specific, with MMF posing the greatest threat due to its impact on adaptive immunity. This translational approach bridges experimental findings with clinical practice, providing critical insights to optimize immunosuppressive strategies and monitoring for people living with Chagas disease, ultimately improving patient outcomes."

Journal • Fibrosis • Hematological Disorders • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Transplantation • CD8

Frequency and Characteristics of Movement Disorders in MOGAD Patients (ACTRIMS Forum 2026) - "Other treatment options were rituximab in 3 patients, methotrexate in one patient and azathioprine in two patients. Movement disorders could be a significant aspect of MOGAD patient’s presentations, in particular gait ataxia. Further research addressed to identify the real prevalence of ataxia and its clinical characteristics is essential to improve understanding and identifying the best treatment strategies."

Clinical • Ataxia • CNS Disorders • Dystonia • Movement Disorders • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis • Solid Tumor

HAPLOIDENTICAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION AS A CURATIVE STRATEGY FOR SEVERE SICKLE CELL DISEASE: A SINGLE-CENTER REPORT (EBMT 2026) - "We report our single-center experience using post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) platform...Conditioning: thiotepa, fludarabine, rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and 2 Gy TBI, except for the first patient, who received treosulfan. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis: mycophenolate mofetil with tacrolimus or sirolimus and PTCy, abatacept was added in the last two patients. All patients received hydroxyurea before transplantation and peri-transplant transfusion support. The first patient additionally received azathioprine for two months andrequired rituximab and plasmapheresis due to alloimmunization...Three patients developed overlap syndrome with intestinal involvement (no biopsy confirmation in 66.7% cases), treated with photopheresis and ruxolitinib: one is off treatment, one is tapering immunosuppression, and one remains on immunosuppressive therapy... Haplo-HSCT using PTCy was feasible in this small cohort of adolescents with severe SCD, resulting in..."

Clinical • Acute Graft versus Host Disease • Acute Kidney Injury • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Cardiovascular • Chronic Graft versus Host Disease • CNS Disorders • Epilepsy • Genetic Disorders • Graft versus Host Disease • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Hypertension • Immunology • Mucositis • Nephrology • Rare Diseases • Sickle Cell Disease • Subarachnoid Hemorrhage • Transplant Rejection • Transplantation

Respiratory syncytial virus–specific antibody concentrations among potentially immunosuppressed individuals following RSV vaccination during pregnancy (RSVVW 2026) - "We defined participants as potentially immunosuppressed if they had a history of a potentially immunosuppressing condition (e.g. autoimmune, other immunologic conditions) or were on immunosuppressing medications (e.g. biologics, tacrolimus, azathioprine)...Pregnant persons who were potentially immunosuppressed had robust antibody responses to RSV vaccine. Further investigations with larger cohorts are needed to assess RSV vaccine responses in potentially immunosuppressed pregnant individuals in order to optimize infant RSV-specific immune protection."

Clinical • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections

Preliminary Clinical Study on the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Efficacy in Patients With Refractory Non-infectious Uveitis (ChiCTR) - P4 | N=20 | Not yet recruiting | Sponsor: The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao To

New P4 trial • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Uveitis

Phenotypic heterogeneity and management strategies for two brothers with XIAP deficiency syndrome (PubMed, Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi) - "For male children with early onset, poor treatment response, especially those with unexplained splenomegaly and IBD-like symptoms, early genetic testing is recommended. HSCT is a safe and effective treatment for XIAP deficiency. For patients with developmental delay, early onset, and severe IBD phenotype, early transplantation is recommended."

Heterogeneity • Journal • Retrospective data • Bone Marrow Transplantation • Dermatology • Developmental Disorders • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Rare Diseases • Transplantation • XIAP

IBD-GAPS: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Guidelines Alignment in Clinical Practice Survey (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Figure B shows HCPs’ actual and ideal first, second and third-line treatment choices, where infliximab plus azathioprine is the first-line ideal and actual choice for the majority; 90.2% (37/41) reported that these practices reflected the wider multidisciplinary team (MDT). Barriers such as costs and local restrictions persist. Updated BSG guidelines were published in June 2025, therefore it will be important to understand changes these will bring to clinical practice in the UK."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Influence of menstrual cycle on Crohn's disease symptoms: findings from a cross-sectional patient survey (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Results Among participants, 64% received biologics (e.g., anti-TNF, IL-12/23 inhibitors), 34% immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine, 6-MP, methotrexate), 15% corticosteroids, 8% 5-ASA, and 2% investigational therapy in a clinical trial. Integrating MC data may enhance the interpretation of treatment outcomes and support more personalized care for women with CD. Future research could explore incorporating menstrual cycle tracking and symptom pattern analysis into treatment planning, as this may help inform adjustments in timing, dosage, or supportive therapies during phases of heightened symptom severity to improve outcomes for women with IBD."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • IL12A

Unmasking a Hidden Foe: Miliary Tuberculosis in a Young Crohn’s Patient during Anti-TNF Therapy (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Methods An 24 year old female patient diagnosed with Crohn’s disease at age 18 (Montreal classification A1, L3+L4, B1) was treated with corticosteroids and azathioprine, then escalated to infliximab due to inadequate disease control...Infliximab and methotrexate were discontinued, and a 12-month course of anti-tuberculous therapy was initiated...It also underscores the need to recognize and manage paradoxical immune-related adverse effects. Multidisciplinary monitoring is essential for early detection of TB."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Liver health in IBD: more metabolic, less inflammatory (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "No significant association was observed between IBD therapy and steatosis or fibrosis, although a non-significant trend ( p = 0.077) was noted in patients on immunomodulators (mainly azathioprine)...Hepatic involvement appears mainly metabolic in origin and therefore potentially modifiable. Routine use of transient elastography may not be warranted, whereas clinical attention should focus on comprehensive metabolic risk assessment and prevention."

Crohn's disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Disease Clearance and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Treatment of UC patients who achieved Disease Clearance Treatment n= (%) 5-aminosalicylates 35 (35) Azathioprine 11 (11) Prednisone 2 (2) Topical therapy (Enemas/Suppositories) 15 (15) Infliximab 2 (2) Vedolizumab 1 (1) Ustekinumab 2 (2) Conclusion Disease clearance was achieved in 37% of patients with UC. The absence of disease clearance was independently associated with multiple hospitalizations due to disease relapse. These findings highlight the relevance of achieving disease clearance."

Clinical • Clinical data • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Shortened Infliximab Infusion Times for Adult Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients at St Marks National Bowel Hospital (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "A further 17 patients were transitioned to subcutaneous infliximab after completing three intravenous doses...In another study for Crohn’s disease patients, 16.6% of patients treated with infliximab monotherapy and 5% of patients treated with infliximab and azathioprine combination therapy experienced an infusion-related reaction 2 . Conclusion Our results suggest that the proposed infusion regimen does not increase the risk of infliximab infusion-related reactions when compared with the standard licensed administration schedule. Adopting this regimen could significantly enhance infusion unit efficiency by reducing administration time burden, which may subsequently reduce wait times for patients requiring initiation of biologic therapy."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Maintenance and Progression of Biologic Therapies in Patients with Crohn's Disease (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Among the remaining 56 patients, 37.5% (21/56) were receiving combination therapy with azathioprine and a biologic agent, 51.7% (29/56) had escalated to advanced therapy without an immunosuppressant, and 10.7% (6/56) had discontinued azathioprine without initiating biologic therapy...Rates by medication were: infliximab 91.7% (11/12), adalimumab 78.9% (15/19), vedolizumab 33.3% (1/3), ustekinumab 25% (1/4)...Infliximab and adalimumab were the predominant first-line agents, maintaining good remission rates even when not used as first-line treatment. These findings highlight the importance of close monitoring and timely adjustments to preserve response and optimize sequencing of biologic therapy in CD."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Real-world implementation of TPMT testing and metabolite-guided thiopurine therapy in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a contemporary single-centre analysis (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "One hundred received thiopurines: azathioprine (n=81, median 1.5 mg/kg/day) and 6-mercaptopurine (n=19, median 1.0 mg/kg/day)...Thirty-three percent required metabolite-based dose adjustment, validating TDM utility beyond TPMT testing alone. Findings support integrated pharmacogenetic and metabolite-guided thiopurine therapy in paediatric IBD."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Real-world management and rescue therapy patterns in acute severe ulcerative colitis: a prospective multicenter Korean cohort (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Before admission, 84.8% had used systemic steroids (median dose 25 mg), 78.8% had used azathioprine, and 3.0% had used 5-ASA...First-line rescue treatments included infliximab in 13 patients (39.4%), adalimumab in one (3.0%), and vedolizumab in one (3.0%). Two patients (6.1%) required second-line escalation (ustekinumab and upadacitinib), and one patient (3.0%) required third-line escalation with upadacitinib...No colectomy or mortality occurred. These findings describe current real-world management patterns and favorable short-term safety outcomes in Korean ASUC patients."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Clinical Features and Treatment in Korean Patients with Gastrointestinal Behçet's Disease: A Retrospective Study of 327 Patients (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "In terms of treatment, the use of 5-ASA, azathioprine(AZA), and adalimumab exhibited notable differences between the two groups. Regarding treatment, there was a higher frequency of 5-ASA, AZA, and adalimumab use in patients with intestinal BD. Additionally, patients with intestinal BD had an increased rate of surgical interventions and hospitalizations compared to those without gastrointestinal involvement."

Retrospective data • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Knowledge of women of childbearing age with Crohn’s Disease regarding pregnancy: results of a Crohn’s and Colitis pregnancy knowledge questionnaire survey (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Regarding treatment, 12 patients (40%) received azathioprine, 7 (23%) were on anti-TNFα monotherapy, and 11 (37%) received combination therapy (azathioprine plus anti-TNFα)...Conclusion A substantial knowledge deficit regarding pregnancy exists among women of childbearing age with CD, particularly among those with low educational and socioeconomic levels. These findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary educational approach to optimise reproductive planning and treatment adherence."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Global Landscape of Patient Knowledge and Awareness in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scoping Review (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Only 5-51% identified azathioprine as an immunosuppressant...Conclusion Global IBD knowledge remains inadequate and uneven across regions and domains. Updated, culturally appropriate and adaptable assessment tools and multidisciplinary, technology-enabled educational strategies are needed to enhance IBD literacy worldwide."

Clinical • Review • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Impact of HLA-DQA1*05 on Pharmacokinetics, Immunogenicity and Clinical Outcomes of Subcutaneous Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Dose escalation was more frequent among HLA-positive patients (26.9% vs 17.9%, p = 0.389), independent of albumin, creatinine or previous/concomitant azathioprine. Conclusion In this cohort of IBD patients treated with IFX-SC, HLA-DQA1*5 was not associated with detectable immunogenicity or clinical loss of response but correlated with lower IFX trough levels and a trend toward more frequent dose escalation.These findings suggest a potential pharmacokinetic influence of HLA-DQA1*05 even in the absence of measurable anti-drug antibodies. Further prospective studies with larger samples are warranted to confirm these results and define their clinical significance."

Clinical • Clinical data • PK/PD data • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis • HLA-DQA1

Effectiveness of biologics and small molecules in chronic pouchitis: a real-world Greek and Portuguese collaborative study. (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Prior exposure to 5-ASA, azathioprine, and biologics were documented in 125 (91.9%), 52 (38.2%) and 94 (69.1%) patients, respectively...Response rates per therapy were: adalimumab 74.1% (n = 20/27), vedolizumab 66.7% (n = 24/36), ustekinumab 60.0% (n = 12/20), infliximab 55.6% (n = 15/27) and tofacitinib 42.9% (n = 3/7)...Conclusion In this real-world, multicentre study, biologic and small-molecule therapies achieved high rates of clinical remission in patients with chronic pouchitis and Crohn’s-like disease of the pouch, with comparable effectiveness across agents. These findings support the growing role of advanced therapies in managing chronic pouch inflammation in everyday clinical practice."

Clinical • Real-world • Real-world evidence • Crohn's disease • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

The clinical characteristics of patients with Crohn’s disease and orofacial granulomatosis; high rates or perianal and oesophageal involvement (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "82 (75%) patients received advanced therapy and 18 (17%) azathioprine alone...UGI involvement is relatively common, with high rates of oesophageal involvement (12% vs 4% 4 ) and particularly oesophageal stricturing disease. Our results suggest that clinicians should have a low threshold for performing UGI endoscopy in all patients with CD/OFG and the high rates of UGI and pCD suggests that early escalation to advanced therapies is appropriate."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Long-term Outcomes and Predictors of Indolent Course in Newly Diagnosed Mild Crohn’s Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study (ECCO-IBD 2026) - "Among the 33 who lost indolence, 29 (87.9%) initiated advanced medical therapy (11 adalimumab, 8 azathioprine, 6 infliximab, 2 ustekinumab and 1 methotrexate). Recognising this low-risk subgroup is crucial to avoid overtreatment, while ensuring timely escalation in patients with higher-risk features. These findings support a risk-stratified approach at diagnosis integrating biochemical and imaging markers, consistent with previous reports 1–4."

Retrospective data • Crohn's disease • Immunology • Inflammatory Bowel Disease