azathioprine / Generic mfg. - LARVOL DELTA

Azathioprine Metabolites in Erythrocytes and DNA for Therapy Monitoring in Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pediatric Patients. (PubMed, ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci) - "Erythrocytes thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) were measured by HPLC, and leukocytes incorporated deoxythioguanosine (DNA-TG) byLC-MS/MS in 12 VEO-IBD patients (median age 4.13 ± 0.98, 7 females, 6 Crohn's disease (CD)), 11 IBD children (median age 9.36 ± 1.52, 8 females, 1 CD ), and 73 IBD adolescents (median age 14.92 ± 1.81, 33 females, 37 CD). TPMT rs1142345 (76 wild type, 10 heterozygous) was associated with increased concentrations of DNA-TG and TGN (p-value = 0.024 and 0.00038, respectively), whereas PACSIN2 rs2413739 (37 wild types, 34 heterozygous, 16 homozygous variants) was associated with the disease score (p-value = 0.04). Together, these data confirmed that VEO-IBD patients show enhanced azathioprine metabolism, which can be accurately reflected by both TGN and DNA-TG levels, highlighting their ability to be good biomarkers of azathioprine metabolism."

Journal • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Pediatrics

Steroid Therapy Reverses Diabetes In IgG4-related Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Therapeutic Paradox (ENDO 2025) - "Insulin therapy initially followed by augmentation with Metformin was instituted to achieve glycemic control. He achieved complete remission of diabetes within 2 months of immunosuppressant therapy with Prednisone and Azathioprine. The case highlights how early initiation of steroid therapy dramatically improves the glycemic control and outweighs the negative effect of steroids on glucose tolerance."

Diabetes • Hepatology • Hypoglycemia • Immunology • Inflammation • Metabolic Disorders • Pancreatitis

Diabetes After Heart Transplantation Is an Increasingly Common Issue (ENDO 2025) - "In the 1998 cohort, maintenance immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporin, azathioprine and corticosteroids. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes after HTx at our institution has increased over 20 years. With increasing HTx survival and rates of diabetes, endocrinologists should be incorporated into the care teams of transplant recipients. Further studies of diabetes therapies in this increasing cohort of patients with diabetes after transplantation is warranted."

Diabetes • Metabolic Disorders • Transplantation • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A Misguided Attack on the Pituitary Stalk: A Case of Isolated Lymphocytic Neuroinfundibulitis with Hypothalamitis (ENDO 2025) - "She was optimized on hydrocortisone, levothyroxine and desmopressin. High-dose glucocorticoids are effective in 50% of cases and steroid-sparing agents (azathioprine, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, etc.) can be used to reduce risk of relapse. This case emphasizesthe role of a multidisciplinary approach in achieving an accurate diagnosis and optimal management."

Clinical • Brain Cancer • CNS Tumor • Endocrine Disorders • Fibrosis • Germ Cell Tumors • Hematological Malignancies • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis • Lymphoma • Oncology • Ophthalmology • Pituitary Gland Carcinoma • Respiratory Diseases • Retinal Disorders • Sarcoidosis • Tuberculosis

Alemtuzumab-Induced Thyroid Eye Disease: Case Series (ENDO 2025) - "Both patients were treated with lubricant eye drops, selenium, and intravenous methylprednisolone, with one requiring Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and Azathioprine as second-line agents before achieving remission. As the use of Alemtuzumab in managing MS increases, the incidence of Al-TED is likely to rise. Al-TED can develop several years after treatment, necessitating a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis, particularly in cases of mild disease. The potential for significant morbidity in moderate to severe TED underscores the importance of early recognition and appropriate treatment."

Clinical • CNS Disorders • Endocrine Disorders • Grave’s Disease • Multiple Sclerosis • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Thyroid Eye Disease • CD52

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy - The benefit of early diagnosis and initiation of therapy: A case report. (PubMed, Clin Neurol Neurosurg) - "Long-term treatment consisted of oral prednisolone taper and azathioprine to lower the risk of early relapse. GFAP astrocytopathy is a novel autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. It is especially easy to misdiagnose and as such it is imperative to recognize the clinical spectrum of this disorder as early detection and treatment should improve prognosis."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Oncology • Pain • GFAP

Can we cure autoimmune hepatitis? (PubMed, Curr Opin Immunol) - "Corticosteroids and azathioprine are the mainstay of treatment, resulting in disease remission in 80-90% of cases. Second- and third-line treatment, including mycophenolate mofetil, calcineurin inhibitors, and anti-B lymphocyte strategies, are used in difficult-to-treat cases or intolerant patients...Additional studies into the mechanisms resulting in Treg dysfunction at both systemic and tissue levels are warranted to engineer more potent, stable, and long-lasting Tregs to be used in immunotherapy. Restoring Treg pool would be a key step forward toward the cure of this autoimmune condition and other autoimmune diseases with similar pathogenesis."

Journal • Review • Autoimmune Hepatitis • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Liver Failure

Comparative efficacy and safety of biologics and systemic immunomodulatory treatments for chronic urticaria: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. (PubMed, J Allergy Clin Immunol) - "Among individuals with chronic urticaria refractory to antihistamines, standard-dose omalizumab and remibrutinib are among the most effective drugs across multiple patient-important outcomes with a favorable safety profile across the studied duration. Cyclosporine may be effective but may be among the most harmful. Dupilumab improves itch and wheals, but it is uncertain whether it improves angioedema or quality of life. Lower doses of omalizumab are of intermediate effectiveness and favorable safety. The net benefit of conventional immunosuppressants is uncertain."

Journal • Retrospective data • Cardiovascular • Dermatology • Immunology • Urticaria

Atorvastatin unveiling primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome in an older adult: A case report. (PubMed, Malays Fam Physician) - "We present the case of a 70-year-old woman who developed hepatocellular injury 4 months after switching from simvastatin to high-intensity atorvastatin. Treatment with prednisolone led to normalisation of liver function, and the patient remained stable on azathioprine and ursodeoxycholic acid. This case underscores the importance of vigilant liver function monitoring, caution when rechallenging statins and the potential for statin therapy to unmask underlying autoimmune liver disease."

Journal • Autoimmune Hepatitis • Dyslipidemia • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Micophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine in Myocarditis (clinicaltrials.gov) - P3 | N=50 | Completed | Sponsor: I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University | Recruiting ➔ Completed | Trial completion date: May 2023 ➔ Jul 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2023 ➔ Jul 2025

Trial completion • Trial completion date • Trial primary completion date • Cardiomyopathy • Cardiovascular • Heart Failure • Inflammation

NXP-2-positive polymyositis associated with scrub typhus. (PubMed, BMJ Case Rep) - "The patient was successfully treated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine, resulting in significant improvement of symptoms. This case highlights the importance of considering idiopathic inflammatory myopathy in patients with persistent muscle weakness and pain and underscores the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach to ensure prompt and effective treatment."

Journal • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Myositis • Pain • Rheumatology

Improvement of bullous pemphigoid following salvage radiation in PSA-recurrent prostate cancer: a potential paraneoplastic association. (PubMed, BMJ Case Rep) - "Concurrently, his BP, characterised by blistering skin lesions, was managed with corticosteroids, azathioprine and methotrexate, though full control of disease activity was difficult. The temporal relationship between his prostate cancer and BP, including their simultaneous onset, recurrence and remission, suggests a possible paraneoplastic link. Understanding this relationship is crucial for accurate prognosis and effective treatment for men with prostate cancer and associated paraneoplastic syndromes."

Journal • Bullous Pemphigoid • Dermatology • Dermatopathology • Genito-urinary Cancer • Immunology • Oncology • Prostate Cancer • Solid Tumor

Severe Relapsing Hailey-Hailey Disease Displaying a Durable Complete Response to Hydroxyurea. (PubMed, Acta Dermatovenerol Croat) - "Further work-up identified JAK-2 V617F kinase mutated polycythemia vera, for which he was started on periodic phlebotomies and low-dose aspirin...Topical tacrolimus, laser, and photodynamic therapy have been used with varying degrees of success in the second line (4). Oral dapsone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, thalidomide, etretinate, and intramuscular alefacept were shown to control the mild-moderate disease but not severe chronic or relapsing forms (4)...(5) described a case of chronic Hailey-Hailey disease in a Caucasian woman, whose skin lesions were refractory to topical and oral steroids, tetracyclines, antifungals, and azathioprine. After introduction of weekly oral methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis treatment, the skin lesions regressed, with significant impact on the patient's quality of life...Our case report supports the clinical evidence of hydroxyurea's potential role in Hailey-Hailey disease treatment. There is hope that our findings will be..."

Journal • Candidiasis • Cardiovascular • Contact Dermatitis • Dermatitis • Dermatology • Genetic Disorders • Hematological Disorders • Hypertension • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Arthritis • Oncology • Polycythemia Vera • Psoriasis • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Rheumatology • Thrombocytosis • JAK2

Panniculitis in Anti-MDA-5 Positive Juvenile Dermatomyositis: A Case Report. (PubMed, JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc) - "In this report, we describe a 17-year-old male patient with anti-MDA5 positive hypomyopathic dermatomyositis who, eight months after diagnosis, presented with indurated nodules on the right forearm and right thigh despite methotrexate and monthly intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. His lesions were successfully controlled with hydroxychloroquine and azathioprine. This article presents a case regarding the rarity of panniculitis in juvenile dermatomyositis and its treatment strategy."

Journal • Dermatomyositis • Immunology • Myositis • IFIH1

Efficacy and safety of long-term mirikizumab treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease (BSG 2025) - P2, P3 | "Rates of TEAEs of special interest were any infection/infestation, 54.7% (n=58); opportunistic infections, 3.8% (n=4; 1 candidiasis; 3 herpes zoster [with concomitant azathioprine use in 2 of these cases]); malignancies, 0.9% (n=1 non-melanoma skin cancer [basal cell carcinoma]); and cerebro-cardiovascular events, 0.9% (n=1 bradycardia).Conclusion Miri demonstrated durable efficacy up to >6 years in patients with moderately-to-severely active CD. Rates of endoscopic and clinical remission were generally maintained from the end of the AMAG maintenance period at Week 52. No unexpected safety events were reported and there were few discontinuations due to adverse events."

Clinical • Basal Cell Carcinoma • Candidiasis • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Genetic Disorders • Herpes Zoster • Immunology • Infectious Disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Non-melanoma Skin Cancer • Skin Cancer • Solid Tumor • Varicella Zoster

A longitudinal study of the benefits and risks of budesonide treatment in refractory coeliac disease: the largest UK experience (BSG 2025) - "In those who did not improve, 3 out of 7 benefitted from azathioprine, mycophenolate or mesalazine, 2 out of 7 did not and 2 out of 7 experienced side effects causing the drug to be stopped. Histological improvement was seen in 24.1% of patients on budesonide.Of the 11 patients currently on or having stopped budesonide within the last 6 months, two have adrenal insufficiency.Conclusion This is the largest UK study to demonstrate that more than 90% of patients with RCD1 improve symptomatically with Budesonide. However, we present the first data suggesting systemic side effects can still occur in its use including adrenal insufficiency."

Longitudinal study • Observational data • Celiac Disease • Endocrine Disorders • Fatigue • Immunology • Nephrology • Osteoporosis • Pain • Renal Disease • Rheumatology

The case of the vanishing CAN (colitis-associated neoplasia) (BSG 2025) - "She was intolerant to mesalazine/azathioprine and initially reluctant to start Infliximab.Surveillance in May 2023 showed a 20mm flat polyp in the splenic flexure (SF)...There was variable loss of MLH1 and null pattern of P53, which further confirmed the diagnosis.Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Abstract P276 Figure 1 Conclusions We present a case of a young patient with clinically indolent IBD and concomitant PSC who benefitted by 'aggressive' medical treatment, as this allowed accurate dysplasia assessment. More importantly, this case demonstrates a challenging histological diagnosis of predominantly non-conventional IBD dysplasia, both visible and invisible, which was initially 'missed' in the resection specimen, despite the biopsy diagnosis of subtle, yet classical, dysplasia features. Pathologists need to be aware of these cytoarchitectural and immunohistochemical features to avoid misdiagnosis and disservice to patients and..."

Clinical • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Oncology • Ulcerative Colitis • MLH1 • SATB2

ENABLE study: evaluating diagNostic delays and adverse outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease in Ethiopia (BSG 2025) - "170/191(86%) received immunomodulators at the first year from diagnosis with 164/170(96%) receiving azathioprine...Treatment is heavily relying on steroids and immunomodulators. None of the patients in this cohort received biologics presumably related to lack of access."

Adverse events • Crohn's disease • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease • Ulcerative Colitis

Drug-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis: Robust Causality Assessment Using Two Different Validated and Scoring Diagnostic Algorithms. (PubMed, Diagnostics (Basel)) - "Drug cessation and immunotherapy with corticosteroids and azathioprine comprise the treatment of choice. The characteristics of DIAIH can best be described if both the RUCAM and the simplified AIH score are used concomitantly."

Journal • Review • Autoimmune Hepatitis • Hepatology • Immunology • Inflammation • Liver Failure

Effect of Intravenous Immunoglobulin or Plasmapheresis in Myasthenic Crisis and Worsening Myasthenia Gravis Compared With or Without Rescue Treatment. (PubMed, Clin Ther) - "All the patients with MC and WMG improved irrespective of RT or NRT, and the RT group required a lower dose of AChEIs at 1 month. A multicenter randomized controlled trial may confirm these observations."

Journal • CNS Disorders • Immunology • Myasthenia Gravis

Pulmonary Hypertension in a Parturient Complicated by Right Ventricular Failure​ (ASA 2025) - "Despite steroids, azathioprine, and respiratory support, her condition worsened, leading to preterm labor, intubation, and emergency C-section...Resuscitative efforts, including CPR and vasopressors, failed, and she passed away after being transitioned to comfort care. This case highlights the high maternal risk PH poses during pregnancy and underscores the need for early intervention, multidisciplinary care, and further research to improve outcomes in such high-risk cases."

Cardiovascular • Congestive Heart Failure • Heart Failure • Immunology • Metabolic Disorders • Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension • Pulmonary Disease • Respiratory Diseases • Sarcoidosis

Post-Operative Stridor in an Asymptomatic Myasthenia Gravis Patient After Sugamaddex Reversal Treated with Neostigmine (ASA 2025) - "He had general anesthesia with rocuronium for paralysis and sugammadex for reversal. Elderly male with history of myasthenia gravis (diagnosed 2011 - recently weaned off of Azathioprine) who underwent thyroidectomy (2014) and found to have vocal cord paralysis with bowing. He was scheduled for microlaryngoscopy with injection of calcium hydroxylapatite due to worsening dysphonia. PACU course was complicated by stridor that partially responded to racemic epinephrine and lidocaine nebulizers. There was concern for myasthenic crisis, so he was challenged with neostigmine/glycopyrrolate, which significantly improved his voice strength and oxygen requirement. Consider acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for inadequate reversal of myasthenia gravis patients."

Clinical • Anesthesia • CNS Disorders • Dysphonia • Myasthenia Gravis

Correlation of Antimuscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Titers With Pemphigus Disease Activity at Baseline and Following Phase I Pulse Therapy. (PubMed, Cureus) - "Aim This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between anti-M-AChR antibody titers and pemphigus disease activity at baseline and after Phase I of dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide/azathioprine pulse therapy. Conclusions While serum anti-M-AChR antibody titers may not reliably indicate disease activity at the time of diagnosis, their levels appear to reflect changes in disease activity following treatment. This suggests their potential use as a prognostic marker during the course of therapy."

Journal • P1 data • Dermatology • Immunology • Pemphigus Vulgaris

Influence of probiotics and deoxycholate on azathioprine transport in the PAMPA model: insights into pharmacomicrobiomics and interindividual variability in drug response. (PubMed, Front Pharmacol) - "The findings indicate significant interactions between probiotic bacteria, DC, and azathioprine that may affect azathioprine absorption. Since the PAMPA method is exclusively suited for evaluating passive transport, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are required to further investigate the interactions of azathioprine with intestinal bacteria and bile acids, ultimately determining their impact on intestinal absorption and bioavailability."

Journal • Gastroenterology • Gastrointestinal Disorder • Immunology • Inflammation • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Uveitis Related to Behçet's Disease: A 10-year Profile. (PubMed, Clin Ophthalmol) - "Azathioprine and cyclosporine remain first-line therapies. Discontinuing IMT after 4-6 years of sustained remission appears to be a safe strategy, particularly after 6 years."

Journal • Inflammation • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Rare Diseases • Uveitis • Vasculitis