Pain in multiple sclerosis: clinical phenotypes and therapeutic strategies - a narrative review. (PubMed, Pain Rep) - Feb 20, 2026 - "Evidence for pharmacological interventions - such as anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, muscle relaxants, corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis, and nabiximols for spasticity - is limited, with few trials addressing specific pain subtypes...Pain is common and disabling across all MS phenotypes but is often insufficiently addressed in clinical practice. A mechanism-based classification combined with individualized, multimodal treatment offers the most promising framework to improve patient outcomes."
Journal • CNS Disorders • Depression • Fatigue • Fibromyalgia • Migraine • Movement Disorders • Multiple Sclerosis • Musculoskeletal Pain • Neuralgia • Ocular Inflammation • Ophthalmology • Optic Neuritis • Pain • Psychiatry • Rheumatology • Sleep Disorder
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Frank Birklein; Livia Sophie Lang; Maria Protopapa; Stefan Bittner
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